Backgrounds
Propylparaben is one of the most commonly used preservatives in pharmaceuticals, food items, and personal care products. However, growing evidence demonstrates that propylparaben has a harmful effect on various human tissues. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of propylparaben on the human placental cell line, BeWo.

Objective
We investigated whether propylparaben caused placental cell death using relevant cytotoxic endpoints, including cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis, in BeWo cells. However, instead of using conventional methods of protein analysis from pooled samples, we precisely quantified protein expression at the single cell level by flow cytometric analysis.

Results
Propylparaben significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. It induced cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase by reducing the expression levels of cyclin D1, whereas the cell population at the G0/G1 and S-phases was decreased. Furthermore, propylparaben induced apoptosis by enhancing the activity of caspase-3.

Conclusion
Collectively, our results suggest that propylparaben causes cytotoxic effects in human placental BeWo cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.



中文翻译：

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尼泊金丙酯通过细胞周期停滞和增强的caspase-3活性诱导人胎盘BeWo细胞凋亡

背景技术
对羟基苯甲酸丙酯是药物，食品和个人护理产品中最常用的防腐剂之一。但是，越来越多的证据表明对羟基苯甲酸丙酯对各种人体组织具有有害作用。在这项研究中，我们调查了对羟基苯甲酸丙酯对人胎盘细胞BeWo的细胞毒性作用。

目的
我们使用BeWo细胞的相关细胞毒性终点，包括细胞活力，增殖，细胞周期和凋亡，研究了对羟基苯甲酸丙酯是否引起胎盘细胞死亡。但是，我们没有使用从合并样品中进行蛋白质分析的常规方法，而是通过流式细胞术分析准确地定量了单细胞水平的蛋白质表达。

结果
对羟基苯甲酸丙酯以剂量依赖性方式显着降低细胞活力。它通过降低细胞周期蛋白D1的表达水平来诱导亚G1期的细胞周期停滞，而G0 / G1和S期的细胞数量减少。此外，对羟基苯甲酸丙酯通过增强caspase-3的活性诱导细胞凋亡。

结论
总的来说，我们的结果表明对羟基苯甲酸丙酯通过诱导细胞周期停滞和凋亡而对人胎盘BeWo细胞产生细胞毒性作用。