Visual artists and scientists frequently employ the labour of assistants and technicians, however these workers generally receive little recognition for their contribution to the production of artistic and scientific work. They are effectively “invisible”. This invisible status however, comes at the cost of a better understanding of artistic and scientific work, and improvements in artistic and scientific practice. To enhance understanding of artistic and scientific work, and these practices more broadly, it is vital to discern the nature of an assistant or technician’s contribution to the production of a work, which is difficult as it is uncommon to discuss these workers. To address this, I investigate how different kinds of parallel working arrangements in collective artistic and scientific practices affect the creative potential of individuals involved. Different working arrangements permit different degrees of autonomy for individuals involved in these practices. Significantly, a lack of autonomy precludes the opportunity to act spontaneously and so exercise, what I term, “creative agency”. Evaluating the contribution of an assistant or technician based on the degree of autonomy that they are granted in the production of a work is an approach that I show can be used to precisely determine the nature of their contribution to the production of a work and accordingly, what kind of recognition an agent should receive for this. Importantly, this approach has the advantage of explaining the artistic and epistemic significance of different kinds of contribution to the production of artistic and scientific work.

中文翻译：

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艺术和科学领域的可见度，创造力和集体工作实践

视觉艺术家和科学家经常雇用助手和技术人员，但是这些工作者通常对他们对艺术和科学作品的贡献不甚了解。它们实际上是“隐形的”。但是，这种无形的地位是以更好地理解艺术和科学作品以及改善艺术和科学实践为代价的。为了加深对艺术和科学作品以及这些实践的理解，至关重要的是辨别助手或技术人员对作品制作的贡献的性质，这是很困难的，因为与这些工人进行讨论并不常见。为了解决这个问题，我研究集体艺术和科学实践中不同种类的平行工作安排如何影响所涉个人的创造潜力。不同的工作安排允许参与这些做法的个人拥有不同程度的自主权。值得注意的是，缺乏自治会阻止自发采取行动并因此行使“创意代理”的机会。根据我所展示的一种方法，可以根据助理或技术人员在作品制作中所享有的自治程度来评估其贡献，这种方法可用于精确确定其对作品制作的贡献的性质，因此，代理商应该为此获得什么样的认可。重要的，