Research shows consistently that social ties are important for longevity, and they may be particularly important during adolescence. An absence of social ties, or social isolation, during adolescence may adversely affect long-term health and wellbeing. While prior research has examined associations between isolation from friends and long-term health, and having no siblings and mortality, no study (of which we are aware) considers jointly both the role of having no friends and no siblings, nor more generally with whom adolescents spend time, and the risk of premature mortality. This paper extends the literature by drawing on data from the Stockholm Birth Cohort Study to examine the association between different types of social isolation during adolescence (i.e., an absence of friends, siblings, and time with other adolescents) and the risk of premature mortality by midlife. Results suggest that having no siblings, being unliked at school, and spending (mostly) no time with other adolescents, increases the risk of premature mortality. The association between being unliked and premature mortality was attenuated by demographic and adolescent characteristics. Consistent with our expectations, net of a robust set of covariates, adolescents who had no siblings and mostly spent no time with other adolescents (i.e., isolates) were the group most vulnerable to premature mortality by midlife. However, this was only true for females.

中文翻译：

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瑞典出生队列中的青少年社交孤立和过早死亡

研究始终表明，社会纽带对于延年益寿至关重要，在青春期尤其重要。青春期缺乏社交关系或社交孤立感可能会对长期健康和福祉产生不利影响。虽然先前的研究已经检查了与朋友隔离与长期健康，没有兄弟姐妹和死亡率之间的关联，但是没有一项研究（我们知道）没有人同时考虑没有朋友和兄弟姐妹的作用，也没有更普遍地考虑与谁青少年会花费时间，并有过早死亡的风险。本文通过借鉴斯德哥尔摩出生队列研究的数据来扩展文献，以研究青春期期间不同类型的社会隔离之间的关联（即，没有朋友，兄弟姐妹，和与其他青少年在一起的时间）以及中年人过早死亡的风险。结果表明，没有兄弟姐妹，在学校不像其他兄弟姐妹，并且（几乎）没有时间与其他青少年在一起，会增加过早死亡的风险。人口统计学特征和青春期特征减弱了被区别对待和过早死亡之间的联系。与我们的预期相符，由于存在一组强大的协变量，没有兄弟姐妹并且几乎没有与其他青少年（即隔离群）在一起的年轻人是中年人中最容易过早死亡的群体。但是，这仅适用于女性。人口统计学特征和青春期特征减弱了被区别对待和过早死亡之间的联系。与我们的预期相符，由于存在一组强大的协变量，没有兄弟姐妹并且几乎没有与其他青少年（即隔离群）在一起的年轻人是中年人中最容易过早死亡的群体。但是，这仅适用于女性。人口统计学特征和青春期特征减弱了被区别对待和过早死亡之间的联系。与我们的预期相符，由于存在一组强大的协变量，没有兄弟姐妹并且几乎没有与其他青少年（即隔离群）在一起的年轻人是中年人中最容易过早死亡的群体。但是，这仅适用于女性。