Vocalizations are a vital form of communication. Call structure and use may change depending on emotional arousal, behavioral context, sex, or social complexity. Pithecia chrysocephala (golden-faced sakis) are a little-studied Neotropical species. We aimed to determine the vocal repertoire of P. chrysocephala and the influence of context on call structure. We collected data June–August 2018 in an urban secondary forest fragment in Manaus, Amazonian Brazil. We took continuous vocal recordings in 10-min blocks with 5-min breaks during daily follows of two groups. We recorded scan samples of group behavior at the start and end of blocks and used ad libitum behavioral recording during blocks. We collected 70 h of data and analyzed 1500 calls. Lowest frequencies ranged 690.1–5879 Hz in adults/subadults and 5393.6–9497.8Hz in the only juvenile sampled. We identified eight calls, three of which were juvenile specific. We found that, while repertoire size was similar to that of other New World monkeys of similar group size and structure, it also resembled those with larger group sizes and different social structures. The durations of Chuck calls were shorter for feeding contexts compared to hostile, but frequencies were higher than predicted if call structure reflects motivation. This finding may be due to the higher arousal involved in hostile situations, or because P. chrysocephala use Chuck calls in appeasement, similar to behavior seen in other primates. Call structures did not differ between sexes, potentially linked to the limited size dimorphism in this species. Our findings provide a foundation for further investigation of Pithecia vocal behavior and phylogeny, as well as applications for both captive welfare (stress relief) and field research (playbacks for surveys).

中文翻译：

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金面咲、金头蛇的声乐曲目及语境与叫声结构的关系

发声是一种重要的交流方式。呼叫结构和使用可能会根据情绪唤醒、行为环境、性别或社会复杂性而改变。Pithecia chrysocephala（金脸萨基斯）是一种鲜有研究的新热带物种。我们旨在确定 P. chrysocephala 的声音曲目以及上下文对呼叫结构的影响。我们于 2018 年 6 月至 8 月在巴西亚马逊河流域马瑙斯的一个城市次生林片段中收集了数据。在两组的日常跟踪中，我们以 10 分钟的时间段连续录音，中间有 5 分钟的休息时间。我们在区块开始和结束时记录了群体行为的扫描样本，并在区块期间使用了随意行为记录。我们收集了 70 小时的数据并分析了 1500 次调用。成人/亚成人的最低频率范围为 690.1-5879 Hz，唯一采样的青少年为 5393.6-9497.8Hz。我们确定了八个电话，其中三个是青少年特定的。我们发现，虽然曲目规模与其他具有相似群体规模和结构的新世界猴子相似，但它也类似于具有较大群体规模和不同社会结构的群体。与敌对环境相比，喂食环境的 Chuck 呼叫持续时间较短，但如果呼叫结构反映动机，则频率高于预测。这一发现可能是由于在敌对情况下有更高的唤醒，或者因为 P. chrysocephala 在绥靖中使用 Chuck 呼叫，类似于在其他灵长类动物中看到的行为。性别之间的呼叫结构没有差异，这可能与该物种有限的大小二态性有关。我们的发现为进一步研究 Pithecia 的发声行为和系统发育奠定了基础，