Japan and Italy are the most aging societies in the developed countries and they both face the rapid increase of the social cost and the demand in manpower for long-term care. Both countries have the common welfare state trajectories and characteristics. In contrast, both the care and migration policies and the role of migrant care workers between Italy and Japan are consistently different. The paper compares the welfare state characteristics, care configurations, and the care-migration policies in 2000s, and reveals how the role of migrant care workers in Italy and Japan would be influenced by the migrant and care policies reciprocally. The paper concludes that the combination of the restricted migrant policies for unskilled migrant care workers and the in-kind-based national care policies is significant in efforts to maintain a qualified and regulated care work. Conversely, it verifies that the in-cash-based national care policy with the weak migration control for unskilled migrant workers brings the spread of marketized care with weak control and low professional skills, mostly in the gray market.

中文翻译：

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移徙护理人员和护理移民政策：意大利和日本的比较

日本和意大利是发达国家中老龄化最严重的社会，它们都面临着社会成本的快速增长和长期护理人力需求。两国具有共同的福利国家发展轨迹和特点。相比之下，意大利和日本之间的护理和移民政策以及移民护理人员的作用始终不同。本文比较了 2000 年代的福利国家特征、护理配置和护理移民政策，揭示了意大利和日本的移民护理工作者的角色将如何受到移民和护理政策的相互影响。本文得出的结论是，将针对非技术移民护理人员的限制性移民政策与以实物为基础的国家护理政策相结合，对于维持合格和规范的护理工作具有重要意义。反过来，也验证了对非技术农民工移民控制较弱的以现金为基础的国家护理政策带来了控制薄弱、专业技能低的市场化护理的蔓延，主要是在灰色市场。