Invasive plants and agricultural weeds are a ubiquitous and ever-expanding threat to biosecurity, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Many of these species are known to succeed through rapid adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress regimes, often in highly disturbed systems. Given the current state of evidence for selection of weedy genotypes via primary physiological stresses like drought, flooding, heat, cold, and nutrient deficiency, we posit that adaptation to land management regimes which comprise suites of these stresses can also be expected. To establish this link, we tested adaptation to water and nutrient stresses in five non-agricultural and five agricultural populations of the invader Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) sampled across a broad range of climates in the USA. We subjected seedlings from each population to factorial drought and nutrient stresses in a common garden greenhouse experiment. Agricultural and non-agricultural ecotypes did not respond differently to experimentally applied stresses. However, non-agricultural populations from more drought-prone and nutrient-poor locations outperformed their agricultural counterparts in shoot allocation and chlorophyll production, respectively. We also found evidence for root allocation adaptation to hotter climates, in line with other C4 grasses, while greater adaptation to drought treatment was associate with soil organic carbon (SOC) rich habitats. These findings imply that adaptation to land use types can interact with other macrohabitat parameters, which will be fluctuating in a changing climate and resource-needy world. We see that invasive plants are poised to take on novel habitats within their introduced ranges, leading to complications in the prevention and management of their spread.

中文翻译：

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气候和栖息地导致入侵草的生态应激反应差异


入侵植物和农业杂草对生物安全、生物多样性和生态系统服务构成普遍存在且不断扩大的威胁。众所周知，其中许多物种通过快速适应生物和非生物胁迫状况而取得成功，通常是在高度干扰的系统中。鉴于目前通过干旱、洪水、炎热、寒冷和营养缺乏等主要生理胁迫选择杂草基因型的证据，我们认为也可以预期对包含这些胁迫的土地管理制度的适应。为了建立这种联系，我们测试了入侵者约翰逊草（ Sorghum halepense ）的五个非农业种群和五个农业种群对水和营养胁迫的适应能力，这些种群在美国的广泛气候范围内进行了采样。我们在一个常见的花园温室实验中让每个种群的幼苗遭受因子干旱和营养胁迫。农业和非农业生态类型对实验施加的胁迫的反应没有不同。然而，来自干旱多发地区和营养贫乏地区的非农业人口在芽分配和叶绿素生产方面分别优于农业人口。我们还发现了根系分配适应较热气候的证据，与其他 C4 草一样，而对干旱处理的更大适应与土壤有机碳 (SOC) 丰富的生境有关。这些发现意味着，对土地利用类型的适应可以与其他宏观生境参数相互作用，这些参数将在气候变化和资源匮乏的世界中发生波动。我们看到入侵植物准备在其引入范围内占据新的栖息地，从而导致其传播的预防和管理变得复杂。