Speciation mechanisms remain controversial. Two speciation models occur in Israeli subterranean mole rats, genus Spalax: a regional speciation cline southward of four peripatric climatic chromosomal species and a local, geologic-edaphic, genic, and sympatric speciation. Here we highlight their genome evolution. The five species were separated into five genetic clusters by single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variations (CNVs), repeatome, and methylome in sympatry. The regional interspecific divergence correspond to Pleistocene climatic cycles. Climate warmings caused chromosomal speciation. Triple effective population size, N_e, declines match glacial cold cycles. Adaptive genes evolved under positive selection to underground stresses and to divergent climates, involving interspecies reproductive isolation. Genomic islands evolved mainly due to adaptive evolution involving ancient polymorphisms. Repeatome, including both CNV and LINE1 repetitive elements, separated the five species. Methylation in sympatry identified geologically chalk-basalt species that differentially affect thermoregulation, hypoxia, DNA repair, P53, and other pathways. Genome adaptive evolution highlights climatic and geologic-edaphic stress evolution and the two speciation models, peripatric and sympatric.

物种形成机制仍然存在争议。在以色列地下鼹鼠属Spalax中出现了两种物种形成模型：一种区域性物种形成趋势，向南四个周边气候染色体物种和一种局部的、地质土壤的、基因的和同域的物种形成。在这里，我们强调它们的基因组进化。这五个物种通过单核苷酸多态性、拷贝数变异（CNV）、重复组和同源甲基化组被分成五个遗传簇。区域种间差异对应于更新世的气候周期。气候变暖导致染色体物种形成。三重有效种群大小，N _e，下降与冰川寒冷周期相匹配。适应性基因在正向选择下进化到地下压力和不同的气候，包括种间生殖隔离。基因组岛的进化主要是由于涉及古代多态性的适应性进化。包括 CNV 和 LINE1 重复元件的重复组将这五个物种分开。sympatry 中的甲基化确定了地质上的白垩玄武岩物种，它们对体温调节、缺氧、DNA 修复、P53 和其他途径有不同的影响。基因组适应性进化突出了气候和地质-土壤应力进化以及两个物种形成模型，周边和同域。