Bacterial resistance to the antibiotics develops rapidly and is increasingly serious health concern in the world. It is an insoluble topic due to the multiple resistant mechanisms. The overexpression of relative activities of the efflux pump has proven to be a frequent and important source of bacterial resistance. Efflux transporters in the membrane from the resistant bacteria could play a key role to inhibit the intracellular drug intake and impede the drug activities. However, nanoparticles (NPs), one of the most frequently used encapsulation materials, could increase the intracellular accumulation of the drug and inhibit the transporter activity effectively. The rational and successful application of nanotechnology is a key factor in overcoming bacterial resistance. Furthermore, nanoparticles such as metallic, carbon nanotubes and so on, may prevent the development of drug resistance and be associated with antibiotic agents, inhibiting biofilm formation or increasing the access into the target cell and exterminating the bacteria eventually. In the current study, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance are discussed and summarized. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges in the use of nanoparticles against bacterial resistance are also illuminated. At the same time, the use of nanoparticles to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria is also investigated by coupling natural antimicrobials or other alternatives. In short, we have provided a new perspective for the application of nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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纳米技术对抗细菌耐药性的挑战与应用

细菌对抗生素的耐药性发展迅速，成为全球日益严重的健康问题。由于多重耐药机制，这是一个无法解决的话题。外排泵相对活性的过度表达已被证明是细菌耐药性的常见且重要的来源。耐药菌在细胞膜中的外排转运蛋白在抑制细胞内药物摄入和阻碍药物活性方面起关键作用。然而，纳米颗粒（NPs）是最常用的封装材料之一，可以增加药物的细胞内积累并有效抑制转运蛋白的活性。纳米技术的合理成功应用是克服细菌耐药性的关键因素。此外，纳米粒子如金属、碳纳米管等，可能会阻止耐药性的发展，并与抗生素药物相关联，抑制生物膜形成或增加进入靶细胞的途径并最终消灭细菌。在目前的研究中，对细菌耐药的机制进行了讨论和总结。此外，还阐明了使用纳米粒子对抗细菌耐药性的机遇和挑战。同时，还通过耦合天然抗菌剂或其他替代品来研究使用纳米颗粒对抗多重耐药菌。总之，我们为纳米粒子对抗多重耐药菌的应用提供了新的视角。抑制生物膜形成或增加进入靶细胞的途径并最终消灭细菌。在目前的研究中，对细菌耐药的机制进行了讨论和总结。此外，还阐明了使用纳米粒子对抗细菌耐药性的机遇和挑战。同时，还通过耦合天然抗菌剂或其他替代品来研究使用纳米颗粒对抗多重耐药菌。总之，我们为纳米粒子对抗多重耐药菌的应用提供了新的视角。抑制生物膜形成或增加进入靶细胞的途径并最终消灭细菌。在目前的研究中，对细菌耐药的机制进行了讨论和总结。此外，还阐明了使用纳米粒子对抗细菌耐药性的机遇和挑战。同时，还通过耦合天然抗菌剂或其他替代品来研究使用纳米颗粒对抗多重耐药菌。总之，我们为纳米粒子对抗多重耐药菌的应用提供了新的视角。还阐明了使用纳米粒子对抗细菌耐药性的机遇和挑战。同时，还通过耦合天然抗菌剂或其他替代品来研究使用纳米颗粒对抗多重耐药菌。总之，我们为纳米粒子对抗多重耐药菌的应用提供了新的视角。还阐明了使用纳米粒子对抗细菌耐药性的机遇和挑战。同时，还通过耦合天然抗菌剂或其他替代品来研究使用纳米颗粒对抗多重耐药菌。总之，我们为纳米粒子对抗多重耐药菌的应用提供了新的视角。