As the larvae of the date palm pest, the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, feeds on the host tissue, they emit a distinctive sound which can be recorded outside of the infected tree. We evaluated the response of infective juveniles (IJs) of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae to the R. ferrugineus larvae and it’s sound source, separately. In the presence of the insect larvae, 50.2 % of total IJs moved toward those larvae. Recorded insect larvae sound emitted by the speaker resulted in 7% of total IJs near the sound source. RNA-Seq data indicated that more genes were downregulated in S. carpocapsae IJs exposed to insect and speaker compared to non-stimulated IJs. IJs exposed to insect exhibited more up-regulated genes than IJs exposed to speaker. Enriched pathways and biological processes in IJs were similar for both stimuli. The inhibition of locomotion, regulation of neurotransmitter secretion, response to biotic stimulus, and cellular response to chemical stimuli were enriched with unique GO terms for speaker treatment. The regulation of localization, sodium ion transmembrane transport, regulation of response to stress and response to organic substances were the GO categories enriched unique to insect. The host-parasitic interaction was regulated by the differential expression of Ras/MAP kinase, TGF-beta signaling, insulin signaling, AMPK signaling, PPAR signaling pathways and many developmental pathways. More prominent R. ferrugineus host localization by S. carpocapsae was primarily due to the differential transcriptional regulation of olfactory signal transduction, FOXO-family proteins, calcium signaling, WNT and mTOR signaling pathway. The neural basis for the nematode attraction to insect host is based on the chemosensation and the mechanosensation. Many neuropeptides and neuromodulators are involved in regulating the foraging behavior of S. carpocapsae. The results of this study provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that allow these nematodes to seek insect hosts. Our finding, especially the molecular ones suggest that chemical cues emitted by the active insect host are stimulants of nematodes attraction. Whereas the sound emitted by the insect has minor effects on the nematode behavior.

椰枣害虫幼虫，红棕象鼻虫（Rhynchophorus ferrugineus）以宿主组织为食，它们发出独特的声音，可以在受感染树的外部记录下来。我们评估了线虫的感染性幼虫（IJS）的反应斯carpocapsae到红棕象甲幼虫，它的声源，分别。在有昆虫幼虫的情况下，总IJ的50.2％移向那些幼虫。扬声器发出的昆虫幼虫声音记录表明，靠近声源的总IJ占7％。RNA-Seq数据表明在腕果链球菌中更多的基因被下调与未刺激的IJ相比，暴露于昆虫和说话者的IJ。暴露于昆虫的IJ比暴露于说话者的IJ表现出更多的上调基因。两种刺激在IJ中的富集途径和生物学过程均相似。运动的抑制，神经递质分泌的调节，对生物刺激的反应以及对化学刺激的细胞反应均富含用于说话者治疗的独特GO术语。本地化，钠离子跨膜运输，对应激反应和对有机物质的反应的调控是昆虫特有的GO类别。宿主-寄生虫相互作用受到Ras / MAP激酶，TGF-β信号传导，胰岛素信号传导，AMPK信号传导，PPAR信号传导途径和许多发育途径的差异表达的调节。比较突出铁锈衣藻寄主的R. ferrugineus宿主定位主要是由于嗅觉信号转导，FOXO家族蛋白，钙信号转导，WNT和mTOR信号转导途径的差异转录调控。线虫吸引昆虫宿主的神经基础是基于化学传感和机械传感。许多神经肽和神经调节剂都参与调节荚膜链球菌的觅食行为。这项研究的结果为使这些线虫寻找昆虫宿主的分子机制提供了新见解。我们的发现，特别是分子发现表明，活性昆虫宿主发出的化学线索是线虫吸引的刺激物。昆虫发出的声音对线虫的行为影响很小。