Abstract Geothermal heating and cooling from a depth of 10–3′500 meters have considerable decarbonization potential but understudied life-cycle environmental impacts. We quantified the life-cycle impacts of six heating and cooling configurations from shallow to medium-depth geothermal wells with connected, decentralized heat pumps and district heating and cooling in the State of Geneva. Shallower systems with connected heat pumps have better environmental performance than systems with district heating, whereas shallow systems with free cooling perform best for cooling. These environmental impacts are lower than those of fossil fuels, except for mineral resource scarcity, especially with decentralized heat pumps and free cooling.

中文翻译：

---

日内瓦州浅中深地热供暖和制冷网络的生命周期评估

摘要 10-3'500 米深处的地热加热和冷却具有相当大的脱碳潜力，但对生命周期环境的影响尚未得到充分研究。我们量化了日内瓦州六种加热和冷却配置的生命周期影响，从浅到中深度的地热井，连接的分散式热泵和区域加热和冷却。连接热泵的浅层系统比区域供热系统具有更好的环境性能，而具有自然冷却的浅层系统在冷却方面表现最佳。除了矿产资源稀缺外，这些环境影响低于化石燃料，尤其是分散式热泵和自然冷却。