This paper presents a series of physical modelling tests performed to measure the resistance developing during lateral dragging of a rigid pipe buried in loose to very dense dry sand. The experiments were performed in a small-scale prototype developed to model sand–pipe interaction during relative ground movement episodes while accurately controlling the density and uniformity of sand around the pipe. Digital imaging and particle image velocimetry equipment are integrated with the rig, so as to track the evolution of the failure surface developing in sand with increasing pipe displacements. Auxiliary components of the rig allow investigation of the effects of pipe kinematic constraints and embedment method on the results obtained. Accordingly, the measurements obtained with the developed prototype are compared against results from similar studies, with the intention of shedding some light on the scatter observed in published data, and on the provisions from different pipe stress analysis guidelines. It is shown that current simplified methods may underestimate the lateral reaction developing on pipes in very dense sand beds, and analysis models built around these methods may under-predict pipe strains. To alleviate this, a modified expression is proposed for estimating the peak reaction of lateral elastoplastic soil springs, and an upper bound of this reaction is provided for design purposes.

中文翻译：

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横向沙管相互作用的物理模型

本文介绍了一系列物理模型测试，以测量埋在疏松至非常稠密的干燥沙子中的刚性管的横向拖动过程中产生的阻力。实验是在一个小型原型机中进行的，该原型机用于模拟相对地面运动过程中沙管之间的相互作用，同时精确控制管道周围沙的密度和均匀度。数字成像和颗粒图像测速设备与钻机集成在一起，以便跟踪随着管道位移增加而在沙子中形成的破坏面的演变。钻机的辅助组件允许研究管道运动学约束和嵌入方法对获得的结果的影响。因此，将通过开发的原型获得的测量结果与类似研究的结果进行比较，目的是为了避免对已发布数据中观察到的散点图以及不同管道应力分析指南中的规定有所了解。结果表明，当前的简化方法可能会低估在非常稠密的沙层中管道上产生的侧向反应，而围绕这些方法建立的分析模型可能会低估管道应变。为了减轻这种情况，提出了一种修改表达式，用于估算侧向弹塑性土弹簧的峰值反应，并且为设计目的提供了该反应的上限。基于这些方法建立的分析模型可能会预测管道应变不足。为了减轻这种情况，提出了一种修改表达式，用于估算侧向弹塑性土弹簧的峰值反应，并且为设计目的提供了该反应的上限。基于这些方法建立的分析模型可能会预测管道应变不足。为了减轻这种情况，提出了一种修改表达式，用于估算侧向弹塑性土弹簧的峰值反应，并且为设计目的提供了该反应的上限。