For optimal operation of microgrids, energy management is indispensable to reduce the operation cost and the emission of conventional units. The goals can be impeded by several factors including uncertainties of market price, renewable generation, and loads. Real-time energy management system (EMS) can effectively address uncertainties due to the online information of market price, renewable generation, and loads. However, some issues arise in real-time EMS as battery-limited energy levels. In this paper, Lyapunov optimization is used to minimize the operation cost of the microgrid and the emission of conventional units. Therefore, the problem is multi-objective and a Pareto front is derived to compromise between the operation cost and the emission. With a modified IEEE 33-bus distribution system, general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) is utilized for implementing the proposed EMS on two case studies to verify its applicability.

中文翻译：

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灵活且容错负载的并网微电网实时能源管理

对于微电网的最佳运行，能源管理必不可少，以降低运行成本和减少常规装置的排放。这些目标可能受到多种因素的阻碍，包括市场价格，可再生能源发电和负荷的不确定性。实时能源管理系统（EMS）可以有效地解决由于市场价格，可再生能源发电和负荷在线信息带来的不确定性。但是，在实时EMS中，由于电池电量有限，会出现一些问题。在本文中，使用Lyapunov优化来最小化微电网的运营成本和常规单元的排放。因此，该问题是多目标的，并推导了帕累托前沿以在运营成本和排放之间进行折衷。借助改进的IEEE 33总线分配系统，