Ribonucleotides within the various RNA molecules in eukaryotes are marked with more than 160 distinct covalent chemical modifications. These modifications include those that occur internally in messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules such as N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) and 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C), as well as those that occur at the ends of the modified RNAs like the non-canonical 5′ end nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) cap modification of specific mRNAs. Recent findings have revealed that covalent RNA modifications can impact the secondary structure, translatability, functionality, stability and degradation of the RNA molecules in which they are included. Many of these covalent RNA additions have also been found to be dynamically added and removed through writer and eraser complexes, respectively, providing a new layer of epitranscriptome-mediated post-transcriptional regulation that regulates RNA quality and quantity in eukaryotic transcriptomes. Thus, it is not surprising that the regulation of RNA fate mediated by these epitranscriptomic marks has been demonstrated to have widespread effects on plant development and the responses of these organisms to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review, we highlight recent progress focused on the study of the dynamic nature of these epitranscriptome marks and their roles in post-transcriptional regulation during plant development and response to environmental cues, with an emphasis on the mRNA modifications of non-canonical 5′ end NAD⁺ capping, m⁶A and several other internal RNA modifications.

中文翻译：

---

表观转录组标记对植物转录后调控的影响

真核生物中各种 RNA 分子内的核糖核苷酸标记有 160 多种不同的共价化学修饰。这些修饰包括在信使 RNA (mRNA) 分子内部发生的修饰，例如N ⁶ - 甲基腺苷 (m ⁶ A) 和 5-甲基胞嘧啶 (m ⁵ C)，以及发生在修饰的 RNA 末端的修饰，如非规范 5' 端烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸 (NAD ⁺) 特定 mRNA 的帽修饰。最近的研究结果表明，共价 RNA 修饰会影响包含它们的 RNA 分子的二级结构、可翻译性、功能性、稳定性和降解。还发现许多这些共价 RNA 添加物分别通过写入复合物和擦除复合物动态添加和去除，提供了一个新的表观转录组介导的转录后调控层，用于调节真核转录组中 RNA 的质量和数量。因此，由这些表观转录组学标记介导的 RNA 命运调节已被证明对植物发育以及这些生物体对非生物和生物胁迫的反应具有广泛的影响，这并不奇怪。在这次审查中，^{+ 加}帽、m ⁶ A 和其他几种内部 RNA 修饰。