Abstract

Neurological diseases are a category of disease that deals with any damageable changes in the nervous system. Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and a few others also come under this category. Detection of the cause of such diseases can be mainly studied by digging deep into the anatomical and physiological features of the nervous system. Hence, various imaging techniques have been profusely developing recently that aim to discover the anatomical as well as physiological changes in the brain and spinal cord that lead to specific neurological diseases. This review discusses some of the spectroscopic and microscopy techniques that are beneficial in diagnostic procedures of neurological diseases. Listed down techniques are mainly categorized based on fluorescence, scattering, and infrared absorption principle and include the information on resolution, magnification, and penetration depth of each technique, respectively. In this review, the applications of confocal fluorescence microscopy, two-photon fluorescence microscopy, harmonic generation microscopy including second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), coherent Raman scattering including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), fluorescence and near-infrared spectroscopy are discussed with an advantage in diagnosis but a few being more advantageous than others.

摘要

神经系统疾病是一类涉及神经系统任何有害变化的疾病。诸如阿尔茨海默氏病（AD），帕金森氏病（PD），肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS）等神经退行性疾病也属于这一类别。可以通过深入研究神经系统的解剖和生理特征来研究此类疾病的原因检测。因此，最近大量开发了各种成像技术，旨在发现导致特定神经疾病的大脑和脊髓的解剖和生理变化。这篇评论讨论了一些对神经疾病的诊断程序有益的光谱和显微镜技术。列出的技术主要根据荧光进行分类，散射和红外吸收原理，并分别包括每种技术的分辨率，放大倍数和穿透深度的信息。在此综述中，共聚焦荧光显微镜，双光子荧光显微镜，包括二次谐波产生（SHG），三次谐波产生（THG）的谐波产生显微镜，包括相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射（CARS）和受激拉曼的相干拉曼散射的应用讨论了拉曼散射（SRS），荧光和近红外光谱在诊断方面的优势，但有几个比其他的更具优势。