It is generally assumed that restoring biodiversity will enhance diversity and ecosystem functioning. However, to date, it has rarely been evaluated whether and how restoration efforts manage to rebuild biodiversity and multiple ecosystem functions (ecosystem multifunctionality) simultaneously. Here, we quantified how three restoration methods of increasing intervention intensity (harvest only < topsoil removal < topsoil removal + propagule addition) affected grassland ecosystem multifunctionality 22 yr after the restoration event. We compared restored with intensively managed and targeted seminatural grasslands based on 13 biotic and abiotic, above‐ and belowground properties. We found that all three restoration methods improved ecosystem multifunctionality compared to intensively managed grasslands and developed toward the targeted seminatural grasslands. However, whereas higher levels of intervention intensity reached ecosystem multifunctionality of targeted seminatural grasslands after 22 yr, lower intervention missed this target. Moreover, we found that topsoil removal with and without seed addition accelerated the recovery of biotic and aboveground properties, and we found no negative long‐term effects on abiotic or belowground properties despite removing the top layer of the soil. We also evaluated which ecosystem properties were the best indicators for restoration success in terms of accuracy and cost efficiency. Overall, we demonstrated that low‐cost measures explained relatively more variation of ecosystem multifunctionality compared to high‐cost measures. Plant species richness was the most accurate individual property in describing ecosystem multifunctionality, as it accounted for 54% of ecosystem multifunctionality at only 4% of the costs of our comprehensive multifunctionality approach. Plant species richness is the property that typically is used in restoration monitoring by conservation agencies. Vegetation structure, soil carbon storage and water‐holding capacity together explained 70% of ecosystem multifunctionality at only twice the costs (8%) of plant species richness, which is, in our opinion, worth considering in future restoration monitoring projects. Hence, our findings provide a guideline for land managers how they could obtain an accurate estimate of aboveground‐belowground ecosystem multifunctionality and restoration success in a highly cost‐efficient way.

中文翻译：

---

评估草地恢复的长期成功：生态系统多功能方法

一般认为恢复生物多样性将增强多样性和生态系统功能。但是，迄今为止，很少有人评估过恢复工作是否以及如何设法同时重建生物多样性和多种生态系统功能（生态系统多功能性）。在这里，我们量化了三种增加干预强度的恢复方法（仅收获<表土去除<表土去除+繁殖体添加）如何在恢复事件发生22年后影响草地生态系统的多功能性。我们根据基于13种生物和非生物，地上和地下特性的恢复和有针对性的集约化半天然草原进行了比较。我们发现，与集约经营的草原相比，所有三种恢复方法均改善了生态系统的多功能性，并向有针对性的半天然草原发展。然而，尽管22年后较高的干预强度达到了目标半天然草原的生态系统多功能性，但较低的干预未能达到该目标。此外，我们发现在添加和不添加种子的情况下去除表土加速了生物和地上特性的恢复，并且尽管去除了土壤表层，我们也未发现对非生物或地下特性的负面长期影响。我们还评估了哪些生态系统特性是就准确性和成本效率而言是恢复成功的最佳指标。全面的，我们证明，与高成本措施相比，低成本措施可以解释相对更多的生态系统多功能性变化。植物物种丰富度是描述生态系统多功能性最准确的个体属性，因为它占生态系统多功能性的54％，而仅占我们全面多功能性方法成本的4％。植物物种丰富度是保护机构通常在恢复监测中使用的属性。植被结构，土壤碳存储量和持水量共同解释了70％的生态系统多功能性，其成本仅为植物物种丰富度的成本（8％）的两倍，我们认为，这值得在未来的恢复监测项目中加以考虑。因此，