Sustainable aquaculture arises as key to increase food production in the coming years. However, the sector still faces many challenges such as the exposure of the cultured animals to pesticide-contaminated water. Pesticides used in agriculture can reach aquaculture systems either directly (integrated-agriculture aquaculture practices) or indirectly (soil leakage) and cause a broad range of ecotoxicological effects on cultured fish and shellfish. Here, we studied how glyphosate affects several haematological, biochemical, and immune parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings, the fourth most important cultured fish species worldwide. We also evaluated the potential of dietary supplementation with black seed (Nigella sativa, 0.25, 0.5 and 1%) to lower glyphosate-associated toxicity. Our results showed that 14-day sub-lethal exposure of common carp fingerlings to glyphosate increases oxidative stress, decreases antioxidant defences, affects several metabolic pathways, and induced immune depression. Furthermore, we showed that fish fed with N. sativa-enriched diets at 0.25, 0.5 and 1% for 60 days coped better with glyphosate exposure than control fish and displayed more stable levels of biochemical serum parameters (total protein, albumin, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein LDL), cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein HDL), higher levels of immune defences (lysozyme and immunoglobulin) and higher antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx) than control fish. Fish fed with all enriched diets also displayed lower lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde MDA), lower metabolic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase ALT, aspartate aminotransferase AST and alkaline phosphatase ALP) levels in blood serum and lower cortisol levels than control fish. Altogether, our results show that dietary inclusion of black seed can be used as a sustainable bio-remediation strategy, mitigating many of the negative effects of glyphosate exposure in fish.

可持续的水产养殖成为未来几年增加粮食产量的关键。但是，该部门仍然面临许多挑战，例如将养殖动物暴露在农药污染的水中。农业中使用的农药可以直接（综合农业水产养殖方法）或间接（土壤渗漏）进入水产养殖系统，并对养殖鱼类和贝类造成广泛的生态毒理学影响。在这里，我们研究了草甘膦如何影响鲤鱼（鲤科鱼）（世界第四重要的养殖鱼种）中的几种血液学，生化和免疫参数。我们还评估了用黑种子（黑麦（Nigella sativa），0.25、0.5和1％）以降低草甘膦相关的毒性。我们的结果表明，普通鲤鱼鱼苗接触草甘膦的14天亚致死量会增加氧化应激，降低抗氧化防御能力，影响多种代谢途径，并诱发免疫抑制。此外，我们证明了用N. sativa饲喂的鱼在0.25、0.5和1％的条件下，高磷饮食60天的草甘膦暴露比对照鱼更好，并且生化血清参数（总蛋白，白蛋白，甘油三酸酯，低密度脂蛋白LDL），胆固醇和高密度的胆固醇水平更稳定脂蛋白HDL），更高的免疫防御水平（溶菌酶和免疫球蛋白）和更高的抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶SOD，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GPx）。与对照鱼相比，饲喂所有丰富饮食的鱼的血清脂质过氧化（丙二醛MDA）水平也较低，代谢酶（丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT，天冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST和碱性磷酸酶ALP）水平较低，皮质醇水平较低。总而言之，我们的结果表明，饮食中添加黑种子可以用作可持续的生物修复策略，