ABSTRACT: Organisms living in the sea are exposed to fouling by other organisms. Many benthic marine invertebrates, including sponges and bryozoans, contain natural products with antimicrobial properties, since microbes usually constitute the first stages of fouling. Extracts from 4 Antarctic sponges (Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis, Mycale tylotornota, Rossella nuda, and Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini) and 2 bryozoan species (Cornucopina pectogemma and Nematoflustra flagellata) were tested separately for antifouling properties in field experiments. The different crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated into a substratum gel at natural concentrations for an ecological approach. Treatments were tested by submerging plates covered by these substratum gels under water in situ during 1 lunar cycle (28 d) at Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Remarkably, the butanolic extracts of M. tylotornota and C. pectogemma showed complete growth inhibition of microscopic eukaryotic organisms, one of the succession stages involved in biofouling. Our results suggest that different chemical strategies may exist to avoid fouling, although the role of chemical defenses is often species-specific. Thus, the high specificity of the microbial community attached to the coated plates seems to be modulated by the chemical cues of the crude extracts of the invertebrates tested.

中文翻译：

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固着的南极无脊椎动物对海洋相关微生物群落的自然化学控制

摘要：生活在海洋中的生物容易受到其他生物的污染。许多底栖海洋无脊椎动物，包括海绵和苔藓动物，都含有具有抗菌特性的天然产物，因为微生物通常是结垢的第一阶段。提取自4种南极海绵（Myxilla（Myxilla）mollis，Mycale tylotornota，Rossella nuda和Anoxycalyx（Scolymastra）joubini）和2种苔藓菌属（Cornucopina pectogemma和Nematoflustra flagellata）。）在现场实验中分别测试了防污性能。将来自这些无脊椎动物的不同粗提物以自然浓度掺入基质凝胶中，以用于生态学方法。在1个月球周期（28天），在Deception Island（南设得兰群岛）上，将被这些基质凝胶覆盖的板浸没在水中，并在原位水下进行测试（28天）。值得注意的是，tyrotornota和C. pectogemma的丁醇提取物表现出对微观真核生物的完全生长抑制，这是生物污染涉及的连续阶段之一。我们的结果表明，尽管化学防御的作用通常是特定于物种的，但可能存在不同的化学策略来避免结垢。因此，附着于涂层板上的微生物群落的高特异性似乎受到所测试的无脊椎动物的粗提物的化学提示的调节。