Abstract Implementations of a deposit-refund policy for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) have engendered significant economic and environmental benefits. This deposit-refund policy typically charges disposal fees (deposits) for producing new products and offers subsidies (refunds) for recycling used products. However, as the collected disposal fees are insufficient to cover disbursed recycling subsidies, the WEEE recycling industry faces increasing challenges. To address this issue, we introduce a dual regulation regime characterized by the deposit-refund policy and a minimal collection rate of used products. We establish a two-echelon closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) consisting of a brand owner and an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) under the dual regulation. We examine the impact of the dual regulation on four key aspects of the supply chain operations: the brand owner's collection strategy, the OEM's remanufacturing choice, the profits of the two members, and environmental performance. We then investigate how the government optimizes the levels of the unit subsidy and disposal fee by minimizing the deposit-refund policy deficit. Analytical results show that the brand owner's collection strategy and the OEM's remanufacturing strategy are closely related to the dual regulation regime. When the unit disposal fee increases, both members' profits suffer. While the brand owner benefits from a rising unit subsidy, its impact on the OEM's profit is contingent upon the collection and remanufacturing strategies. A stricter minimal collection rate regulation generally hurts the two members when it is an active constraint. The deposit-refund policy's impact on the environment depends on the collection and remanufacturing strategies and the unit environmental benefit of collection. Regulating the minimal collection rate is beneficial to the environment and helps to reduce the deposit-refund policy deficit under certain conditions.

中文翻译：

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双重监管下闭环供应链的最优运行

摘要 废旧电子电气设备 (WEEE) 押金退还政策的实施产生了显着的经济和环境效益。这种押金退款政策通常会收取生产新产品的处理费（押金），并为回收使用​​过的产品提供补贴（退款）。然而，由于收取的处理费不足以支付已发放的回收补贴，WEEE回收行业面临越来越多的挑战。为了解决这个问题，我们引入了双重监管制度，其特点是押金退款政策和旧产品的最低回收率。我们在双重监管下建立由品牌所有者和原始设备制造商（OEM）组成的两级闭环供应链（CLSC）。我们考察了双重监管对供应链运营四个关键方面的影响：品牌所有者的收集策略、OEM 的再制造选择、两个成员的利润和环境绩效。然后我们研究了政府如何通过最小化存款退还政策赤字来优化单位补贴和处置费的水平。分析结果表明，品牌所有者的收集策略和OEM的再制造策略与双重监管制度密切相关。当单位处置费增加时，两个成员的利润都会受到影响。虽然品牌所有者受益于增加的单位补贴，但其对 OEM 利润的影响取决于收集和再制造策略。更严格的最低收款率规定通常会伤害两个成员，因为它是一个积极的约束。押金退还政策对环境的影响取决于收集和再制造策略以及收集的单位环境效益。调节最低征收率有利于环境，并有助于在一定条件下减少存款退还政策赤字。