Abstract

The global growth of clean energy technology deployment will be followed by parallel growth in end-of-life (EOL) products, bringing both challenges and opportunities. Cumulatively, by 2050, estimates project 78 million tonnes of raw materials embodied in the mass of EOL photovoltaic (PV) modules, 12 billion tonnes of wind turbine blades, and by 2030, 11 million tonnes of lithium-ion batteries. Owing partly to concern that the projected growth of these technologies could become constrained by raw material availability, processes for recycling them at EOL continue to be developed. However, none of these technologies are typically designed with recycling in mind, and all of them present challenges to efficient recycling. This article synthesizes and extends design for recycling (DfR) principles based on a review of published industrial and academic best practices as well as consultation with experts in the field. Specific principles developed herein apply to crystalline-silicon PV modules, batteries like those used in electric vehicles, and wind turbine blades, while a set of broader principles applies to all three of these technologies and potentially others. These principles are meant to be useful for stakeholders—such as research and development managers, analysts, and policymakers—in informing and promoting decisions that facilitate DfR and, ultimately, increase recycling rates as a way to enhance the circularity of the clean energy economy. The article also discusses some commercial implications of DfR.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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适用于选定的清洁能源技术的回收原理设计：晶体硅光伏模块，电动汽车电池和风力涡轮机叶片

摘要

清洁能源技术部署的全球增长之后，报废（EOL）产品的并行增长将带来挑战和机遇。到2050年，估计累计将有7800万吨的原材料包含在EOL光伏（PV）组件，120亿吨的风力涡轮机叶片以及2030年的1100万吨锂离子电池中。部分由于担心这些技术的预计增长会受到原材料供应量的限制，因此继续开发在EOL回收这些技术的流程。但是，这些技术通常都没有考虑到回收利用而设计，所有这些都对有效回收利用提出了挑战。本文基于对已发布的行业和学术最佳实践的回顾以及与该领域专家的磋商，综合并扩展了回收设计（DfR）原则。本文开发的特定原理适用于晶体硅PV模块，电池（如电动车辆中使用的电池）和风力涡轮机叶片，而一组更广泛的原理适用于所有这三种技术以及可能的其他技术。这些原则旨在对利益相关者（例如研发经理，分析师和政策制定者）​​有用，可以告知和促进有利于DfR的决策，并最终提高回收率，以此来提高清洁能源经济的循环性。本文还讨论了DfR的一些商业意义。

图形概要