Landscape ecology early on developed the awareness that central objects of investigation are not stable over time and therefore the historical dimension must be included, or at least considered. This paper considers the importance of history in landscape ecology in terms of its impact on patterns and processes and proposes to complement these with the notion of pathways in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of landscape change. We develop a conceptual framework distinguishing between legacy effects, which include pattern and processes, and path dependence, with a focus of development pathways and we illustrate these perspectives by empirical examples. Combined short- to long-lasting imprints and legacies of historical patterns and processes reveal how present patterns and processes are in various ways influenced by legacies of the past. The focus on inherent dynamics of development pathways sheds light on the process of change itself, and its trajectories, and reveals the role of event chains and institutional reproduction. Understanding patterns, processes, and pathways over time, allows a more complete analysis of landscape change, and forms the base to preserve vital ecosystem services of both human-made and natural landscapes for the future.

中文翻译：

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如何在景观生态学中考虑历史：模式、过程和途径

景观生态学很早就意识到，调查的中心对象随着时间的推移是不稳定的，因此必须包括或至少考虑历史维度。本文考虑了历史在景观生态学中对模式和过程的影响的重要性，并建议用路径的概念来补充这些，以提供对景观变化的综合分析。我们开发了一个概念框架来区分遗留效应，包括模式和过程，以及路径依赖，重点是发展路径，我们通过实证例子说明了这些观点。结合短期到长期的历史模式和过程的印记和遗产，揭示了当前的模式和过程如何以各种方式受到过去遗产的影响。对发展路径内在动力的关注揭示了变化本身的过程及其轨迹，并揭示了事件链和制度再生产的作用。随着时间的推移了解模式、过程和路径，可以更完整地分析景观变化，并为未来保护人造景观和自然景观的重要生态系统服务奠定基础。