ABSTRACT

Introduction: We hypothesized that diabetic patients without mild cognitive impairment would present deficiencies in visuospatial incidental/intentional memory processing and alterations in the underlying EEG alpha, theta and gamma patterns.

Methods: Non-diabetic, diabetic-controlled, and diabetic-uncontrolled patients underwent a visuospatial incidental-intentional memory test under simultaneous recording of temporal, parietal, and frontal EEG. The test required patients to solve a maze, with eight objects irrelevant to the task, embedded in it, after an interference instruction, participants were asked to recall the positions of the objects (incidental test). Finally, the participants were explicitly told to study the object positions, and then were asked to recall the objects again (intentional test). Power from baseline, incidental learning, incidental memory, and intentional learning conditions was obtained in alpha, theta, and low-gamma bands. Comparisons were made across groups and conditions for each band, with age, sex, and years from the diagnosis as covariates (ANCOVA with blocking).

Results: Diabetic patients showed spared incidental but deficient intentional visuospatial learning. Uncontrolled patients showed a more profound intentional learning deficit as they scored similar numbers of correct positions under incidental and intentional conditions; whereas, non-diabetic and diabetic-controlled patients increased their number after the intentional study. Non-diabetic participants showed increased power during intentional learning compared with the baseline condition in frontal theta, frontoparietal gamma (Fp2 and P4) and frontal alpha (F4) bands; whereas in diabetic patients the power increased in the theta band, in T5 (uncontrolled) and T5 and F7 (controlled).

Conclusions: Diabetic patients without mild cognitive impairment show deficient intentional visuospatial learning which was worse in uncontrolled patients. Theta and gamma power increased in healthy participants during intentional learning principally in frontal areas. These EEG power changes were absent in diabetic patients. The reduced accuracy of diabetic patients in intentional visuospatial learning was associated with different EEG learning-related patterns.

抽象的

简介：我们假设没有轻度认知障碍的糖尿病患者在视觉空间的偶然/意图记忆处理以及潜在的脑电图alpha，θ和gamma模式的改变方面将表现出缺陷。

方法：非糖尿病，糖尿病控制和非糖尿病控制的患者在同时记录颞叶，顶叶和额叶脑电图的情况下，进行了视觉空间偶发-意向记忆测试。该测试要求患者解决一个迷宫，该迷宫中嵌入了与任务无关的八个对象，在发出干扰指令后，要求参与者回忆这些对象的位置（附带测试）。最后，明确告知参与者研究对象的位置，然后要求他们再次调用对象（故意测试）。来自基线，附带学习，附带记忆和有意学习条件的能力是在alpha，θ和低伽玛谱带中获得的。根据年龄，性别，

结果：糖尿病患者表现出幸免的偶然性但有意的视觉空间学习不足。不受控制的患者表现出更深远的故意学习缺陷，因为他们在偶然和故意条件下获得了相似数量的正确姿势。而非糖尿病和糖尿病控制的患者在有意研究后增加了他们的人数。与基线状态相比，非糖尿病参与者在额叶theta，额顶额叶伽马（Fp2和P4）和额叶alpha（F4）谱带中表现出比基线状态更高的力量；而在糖尿病患者中，theta频段，T5（不受控制）以及T5和F7（受控制）的力量增加。

结论：无轻度认知障碍的糖尿病患者表现出故意的视觉空间学习不足，在不受控制的患者中则更为严重。在健康参与者中，主要在额叶区域进行意向学习时，theta和γ功率增加。在糖尿病患者中没有这些EEG能力改变。糖尿病患者在有目的的视觉空间学习中准确性下降与不同的脑电图学习相关模式有关。