Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) have been extensively studied. Their pleotropic roles were observed in multiple steps of tumor progression and metastasis, and sometimes appeared to be inconsistent across different studies. In this review, we collectively discussed many lines of evidence supporting the mutual influence between cancer cells and TAMs/TANs. We focused on how direct interactions among these cells dictate co-evolution involving not only clonal competition of cancer cells, but also landscape shift of the entire tumor microenvironment (TME). This co-evolution may take distinct paths and contribute to the heterogeneity of cancer cells and immune cells across different tumors. A more in-depth understanding of the cancer-TAM/TAN co-evolution will shed light on the development of TME that mediates metastasis and therapeutic resistance.

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）和肿瘤相关中性粒细胞（TAN）已被广泛研究。在肿瘤进展和转移的多个步骤中观察到它们的多效性作用，有时在不同的研究中似乎不一致。在这篇综述中，我们共同讨论了支持癌细胞和 TAM/TAN 之间相互影响的许多证据。我们重点关注这些细胞之间的直接相互作用如何决定共同进化，不仅涉及癌细胞的克隆竞争，还涉及整个肿瘤微环境（TME）的景观变化。这种共同进化可能采取不同的路径，并导致不同肿瘤中癌细胞和免疫细胞的异质性。对癌症-TAM/TAN 共同进化的更深入了解将有助于了解介导转移和治疗耐药的 TME 的发展。