Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and lung cancer incidence in the ELAPSE pooled cohort,Environmental Research

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Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and lung cancer incidence in the ELAPSE pooled cohort
Environmental Research ( IF 7.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-02 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110568
Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt ₁ , Jie Chen ₂ , Zorana Jovanovic Andersen ₃ , Richard Atkinson ₄ , Mariska Bauwelinck ₅ , Tom Bellander ₆ , Jørgen Brandt ₇ , Bert Brunekreef ₂ , Giulia Cesaroni ₈ , Hans Concin ₉ , Daniela Fecht ₁₀ , Francesco Forastiere ₁₁ , Carla H van Gils ₁₂ , John Gulliver ₁₃ , Ole Hertel ₁₄ , Gerard Hoek ₂ , Barbara Hoffmann ₁₅ , Kees de Hoogh ₁₆ , Nicole Janssen ₁₇ , Jeanette Therming Jørgensen ₃ , Klea Katsouyanni ₁₈ , Karl-Heinz Jöckel ₁₉ , Matthias Ketzel ₂₀ , Jochem O Klompmaker ₂₁ , Alois Lang ₂₂ , Karin Leander ₂₃ , Shuo Liu ₃ , Petter L S Ljungman ₂₄ , Patrik K E Magnusson ₂₅ , Amar Jayant Mehta ₂₆ , Gabriele Nagel ₂₇ , Bente Oftedal ₂₈ , Göran Pershagen ₆ , Raphael Simon Peter ₂₉ , Annette Peters ₃₀ , Matteo Renzi ₈ , Debora Rizzuto ₃₁ , Sophia Rodopoulou ₃₂ , Evangelia Samoli ₃₂ , Per Everhard Schwarze ₃₃ , Gianluca Severi ₃₄ , Torben Sigsgaard ₃₅ , Massimo Stafoggia ₃₆ , Maciej Strak ₃₇ , Danielle Vienneau ₃₈ , Gudrun Weinmayr ₂₉ , Kathrin Wolf ₃₉ , Ole Raaschou-Nielsen ₄₀

Affiliation

Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80177, Utrecht, NL 3508 TD, the Netherlands.
Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
Population Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
Interface Demography - Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden; Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Solnavägen 4, Plan 10, Stockholm, SE-113 65, Sweden.
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O.Box 358, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark; IClimate - Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O.Box 358, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.
Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service / ASL Roma 1, Via Cristoforo Colombo 112, Rome, 00147, Italy.
Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Rheinstraße 61, Bregenz, 6900, Austria.
UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Palermo, 90146, Italy; Environmental Research Group, Imperial College, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, GA, Utrecht, 3508, the Netherlands.
Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O.Box 358, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.
Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Gurlittstraße 55, Dusseldorf, 40223, Germany.
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Postfach, Basel, 4001, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Dept. of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School 75, Mikras Asias Street, Athens, 115 27, Greece; NIHR HPRU Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany.
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O.Box 358, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80177, Utrecht, NL 3508 TD, the Netherlands; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany.
Cancer Registry Vorarlberg, Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Rheinstraße 61, Bregenz, 6900, Austria.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
Statistics Denmark, Sejrøgade 11, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Rheinstraße 61, Bregenz, 6900, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 22, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
Section of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 22, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, 11346, Sweden.
Dept. of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School 75, Mikras Asias Street, Athens, 115 27, Greece.
Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
CESP, UMR 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti" (DISIA), University of Florence, Italy.
Department of Public Health, Environment Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service / ASL Roma 1, Via Cristoforo Colombo 112, Rome, 00147, Italy.
Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80177, Utrecht, NL 3508 TD, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Postfach, Basel, 4001, Switzerland; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O.Box 358, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.

Background

An association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and lung cancer has been established in previous studies. PM_2.5 is a complex mixture of chemical components from various sources and little is known about whether certain components contribute specifically to the associated lung cancer risk. The present study builds on recent findings from the “Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe” (ELAPSE) collaboration and addresses the potential association between specific elemental components of PM_2.5 and lung cancer incidence.

Methods

We pooled seven cohorts from across Europe and assigned exposure estimates for eight components of PM_2.5 representing non-tail pipe emissions (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)), long-range transport (sulfur (S)), oil burning/industry emissions (nickel (Ni), vanadium (V)), crustal material (silicon (Si)), and biomass burning (potassium (K)) to cohort participants’ baseline residential address based on 100 m by 100 m grids from newly developed hybrid models combining air pollution monitoring, land use data, satellite observations, and dispersion model estimates. We applied stratified Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, calendar year, marital status, smoking, body mass index, employment status, and neighborhood-level socio-economic status).

Results

The pooled study population comprised 306,550 individuals with 3916 incident lung cancer events during 5,541,672 person-years of follow-up. We observed a positive association between exposure to all eight components and lung cancer incidence, with adjusted HRs of 1.10 (95% CI 1.05, 1.16) per 50 ng/m³ PM_2.5 K, 1.09 (95% CI 1.02, 1.15) per 1 ng/m³ PM_2.5 Ni, 1.22 (95% CI 1.11, 1.35) per 200 ng/m³ PM_2.5 S, and 1.07 (95% CI 1.02, 1.12) per 200 ng/m³ PM_2.5 V. Effect estimates were largely unaffected by adjustment for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). After adjustment for PM_2.5 mass, effect estimates of K, Ni, S, and V were slightly attenuated, whereas effect estimates of Cu, Si, Fe, and Zn became null or negative.

Conclusions

Our results point towards an increased risk of lung cancer in connection with sources of combustion particles from oil and biomass burning and secondary inorganic aerosols rather than non-exhaust traffic emissions. Specific limit values or guidelines targeting these specific PM_2.5 components may prove helpful in future lung cancer prevention strategies.

中文翻译：

ELAPSE 汇总队列中细颗粒元素成分的长期暴露和肺癌发病率

背景

先前的研究已经确定长期暴露于细颗粒物 (PM _2.5 ) 与肺癌之间存在关联。PM _2.5是来自各种来源的化学成分的复杂混合物，对于某些成分是否特别导致相关的肺癌风险知之甚少。本研究基于“低水平空气污染的影响：欧洲研究”(ELAPSE) 合作的最新发现，并探讨了 PM _2.5的特定元素成分与肺癌发病率之间的潜在关联。

方法

_{我们汇集了来自欧洲各地的七个队列，并对 PM 2.5}的八种成分进行了暴露估计，这些成分代表非尾管排放（铜 (Cu)、铁 (Fe) 和锌 (Zn)）、远程运输（硫 (S) )、石油燃烧/工业排放（镍 (Ni)、钒 (V)）、地壳材料（硅 (Si)）和生物质燃烧（钾 (K)）到队列参与者的基线居住地址，基于 100 m x 100 m 网格来自新开发的混合模型，结合了空气污染监测、土地利用数据、卫星观测和扩散模型估计。我们应用了分层的 Cox 比例风险模型，调整了潜在的混杂因素（年龄、性别、日历年、婚姻状况、吸烟、体重指数、就业状况和社区水平的社会经济状况）。

结果

汇总研究人群包括 306,550 名个体，在 5,541,672 人年的随访期间发生了 3916 起肺癌事件。我们观察到所有八种成分的暴露与肺癌发病率之间呈正相关，调整后的 HR 为 1.10 (95% CI 1.05, 1.16)/50 ng/m ³ PM _2.5 K, 1.09 (95% CI 1.02, 1.15)/1 ng/m ³ PM _{2.5 Ni，每 200 ng/m}³ PM _2.5 S 1.22 (95% CI 1.11, 1.35) ，每 200 ng/m ³ PM _2.5 V 1.07 (95% CI 1.02, 1.12) 。效果估计为很大程度上不受二氧化氮 (NO ₂ ) 调整的影响。PM _2.5调整后质量，K、Ni、S 和 V 的效应估计值略有减弱，而 Cu、Si、Fe 和 Zn 的效应估计值变为空值或负值。