For a variety of electrocatalytic reactions, such as CO₂ reduction, O₂ reduction/precipitation, N₂ reduction, etc., the activity, selectivity and stability of electrocatalysts play a vital role in energy efficiency and system performance. Atomically dispersed catalysts (ADCs) have attracted much attention due to their high catalytic activity and selectivity. However, the ultra-high surface free energy of single atoms makes the easily formation of clusters or/and nanoparticles. Therefore, it is still a huge challenge to develop universal methods to stabilize the high-density atomically dispersed catalysts (HADCs). This review highlights and summarizes the assembling principle and universal strategies for the preparation of HADCs, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) deriving, template-assisting, defects-trapping, wet-chemistry and heteroatom anchoring routes. Meanwhile, the applications of HADCs in energy conversion are systematically summarized. Significantly, the key to achieving mass production of HADCs through economical and efficient synthesis are discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of HADCs for preparation strategy are discussed. We sincerely believe that this review will provide an ideal guide and inspiration to theoretical and experimental design and prepare the HADCs.

对于各种电催化反应，例如CO ₂还原，O ₂还原/沉淀，N ₂还原等方面，电催化剂的活性，选择性和稳定性在能源效率和系统性能方面起着至关重要的作用。原子分散的催化剂（ADC）由于其高催化活性和选择性而备受关注。但是，单原子的超高表面自由能使团簇或/和纳米颗粒容易形成。因此，开发稳定高密度原子分散催化剂（HADC）的通用方法仍然是巨大的挑战。这篇综述突出并总结了制备HADC的组装原理和通用策略，例如金属有机框架（MOF）衍生，模板辅助，缺陷捕获，湿化学和杂原子锚固路线。与此同时，系统地总结了HADC在能量转换中的应用。重要的是，讨论了通过经济有效的综合方法实现HADC批量生产的关键。最后，讨论了HADC在准备策略方面的当前挑战和未来前景。我们真诚地相信，这次审查将为理论和实验设计以及HADC的准备提供理想的指导和启发。