Abstract Green roofs have the potential to offer numerous ecosystem services; however, they are rarely designed to achieve them. Instead, design is restricted by perceived structural and maintenance constraints, which consequently diminish the achievable benefits. For green roofs to improve sustainability and resilience of cities, their design should match their promised multi-functional application using performance-based design. The first step towards a comprehensive performance model is to synthesize design recommendations across disciplines to identify synergies and trade-offs in design objectives for multiple benefits. This study discusses design strategies that could alter the energy and water balance in the green roof in order to attenuate urban stormwater, increase building energy performance, mitigate urban heat, and improve the output of solar panels placed on top of green roofs. These benefits are mathematically linked to quantifiable processes (discharge rate, water content, evapotranspiration, sensible heat, net radiation, insulation, and thermal mass), forming the foundation for a performance-based design model. Design recommendations are then summarized for each process, followed by a discussion of synergies, trade-offs, and research needs that arise when green roofs are designed to achieve multiple functions. Selecting vegetation with high leaf area and albedo improves multiple benefits without affecting structural constraints, whereas choosing plants with low stomatal resistance leads to trade-offs between higher evapotranspiration and higher irrigation requirements. Trade-offs in substrate depth and properties including organic matter and moisture are also apparent. Interdisciplinary collaborations are needed to simulate and optimize design parameters based on stakeholder preferences related to co-benefits and constraints.

中文翻译：

---

多功能绿色屋顶的基于性能的方法：跨学科审查

摘要 屋顶绿化具有提供众多生态系统服务的潜力；然而，它们很少被设计来实现它们。相反，设计受到感知结构和维护约束的限制，从而减少了可实现的收益。对于提高城市可持续性和韧性的绿色屋顶，其设计应符合其承诺的使用基于性能的设计的多功能应用。实现综合性能模型的第一步是综合跨学科的设计建议，以确定设计目标中的协同作用和权衡，以实现多种利益。本研究讨论了可以改变绿色屋顶的能量和水平衡的设计策略，以减少城市雨水，提高建筑能源性能，减轻城市热量，并提高放置在绿色屋顶上的太阳能电池板的输出。这些好处在数学上与可量化的过程（排放率、含水量、蒸散、显热、净辐射、绝缘和热质量）相关联，构成了基于性能的设计模型的基础。然后为每个过程总结设计建议，然后讨论在设计绿色屋顶以实现多种功能时产生的协同作用、权衡和研究需求。选择叶面积和反照率高的植被可以在不影响结构约束的情况下提高多种效益，而选择气孔阻力低的植物会导致更高的蒸散量和更高的灌溉需求之间的权衡。基材深度和性质（包括有机物质和水分）的权衡也很明显。需要跨学科合作，根据与共同利益和约束相关的利益相关者偏好来模拟和优化设计参数。