The observability of movement gives it advantages when trying to draw connections between brain and mind. Disturbed motor function pervades schizophrenia, though it is difficult now to subtract the effects of antipsychotic treatment. There is evidence from patients never exposed to these drugs that dyskinesia and even parkinsonism are to some degree innate to schizophrenia. Tardive dyskinesia and drug-induced parkinsonism are the most common movement disorders encountered in psychiatric practice. While D2 dopamine receptor blockade is a causative factor, both conditions defy straightforward neurochemical explanation. Balanced against the need to manage schizophrenic symptoms, neither prevention nor treatment is easy. Of all disorders classified as psychiatric, catatonia sits closest to organic neurology on the neuropsychiatric spectrum. Not only does it occur in the setting of unequivocally organic cerebral disease, but the alterations of consciousness it produces have ‘organic’ qualities even when the cause is psychiatric. No longer considered a subtype of schizophrenia, catatonia is defined by syndromic features based on motor phenomenology. Both severe depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder may be associated with ‘soft’ extrapyramidal signs that resemble parkinsonian bradykinesia. As functional neuroimaging studies suggest, movement and psychiatric disorders involve the same network connections between the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex.

中文翻译：

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精神病患者的运动障碍


当试图建立大脑和心灵之间的联系时，运动的可观察性使其具有优势。运动功能紊乱普遍存在于精神分裂症中，尽管现在很难消除抗精神病药物治疗的影响。来自从未接触过这些药物的患者的证据表明，运动障碍甚至帕金森症在某种程度上是精神分裂症所固有的。迟发性运动障碍和药物引起的帕金森症是精神病学实践中最常见的运动障碍。虽然 D2 多巴胺受体阻断是一个致病因素，但这两种情况都无法用简单的神经化学解释来解释。与控制精神分裂症症状的需要相平衡，预防和治疗都不容易。在所有被归类为精神疾病的疾病中，紧张症在神经精神病学谱上最接近器质性神经病学。它不仅发生在明确的器质性脑疾病的情况下，而且它产生的意识改变也具有“器质性”性质，即使原因是精神疾病。紧张症不再被视为精神分裂症的亚型，而是根据运动现象学的综合征特征来定义。严重抑郁症和强迫症都可能与类似于帕金森病运动迟缓的“软”锥体外系体征有关。正如功能性神经影像学研究表明，运动和精神疾病涉及基底神经节和大脑皮层之间相同的网络连接。