Abstract The adoption of ultra-high bypass ratio (UHBPR) engines has been long recognised to bring about reduction of specific fuel consumption and noise emission. In the need to fulfil ambitious environmental targets and mitigate the aviation sector impact, they represent a smoother technology change, compared to futuristic aircraft designs featuring electric, distributed and boundary layer ingesting propulsion. However, the challenges related to UHBPR adoption can prevent a real system performance improvement, due to interdependent counteracting factors and enhanced interference between engine and airframe. This paper reviews the installation effects on underwing-mounted UHBPR turbofan engines, first presenting the cycle design studies and how they are affected by considering integration. The advancements in nacelle components modelling and optimisation are then reviewed, where new numerical models, statistical methods and optimisation algorithms are employed to tackle the inherently multi-objective problems. The computational estimation of installation effects and the studies on optimal engine position are also presented, highlighting the overall effect on the aerodynamic characteristics. Finally, the wind tunnel tests using powered engine simulators are discussed. The tools developed to quantify the thrust and drag figures of installed propulsors and obtain indications on their best underwing location now allow quite accurate estimations, both in numerical and experimental simulations. The higher level of interaction and the increased mutual sensitivity of engine operation and wing flow field, however, suggest the need to elaborate closely coupled methods to correctly replicate these effects and an assessment of current wind tunnel practices for the design and operation of powered engine simulators.

中文翻译：

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超高涵道比发动机安装效果综述

摘要 超高涵道比（UHBPR）发动机的采用早已被认为可以降低燃油消耗率和噪音排放。为了实现雄心勃勃的环境目标并减轻航空业的影响，与具有电力、分布式和边界层摄取推进力的未来派飞机设计相比，它们代表了更平稳的技术变革。然而，由于相互依赖的抵消因素和发动机与机身之间增强的干扰，与采用 UHBPR 相关的挑战可能会阻碍真正的系统性能改进。本文回顾了安装在机翼下的 UHBPR 涡扇发动机的安装效果，首先介绍了循环设计研究以及它们如何受到集成的影响。然后回顾了机舱部件建模和优化方面的进展，其中采用了新的数值模型、统计方法和优化算法来解决固有的多目标问题。还介绍了安装效果的计算估计和最佳发动机位置的研究，突出了对空气动力学特性的整体影响。最后，讨论了使用动力发动机模拟器的风洞试验。开发用于量化已安装推进器的推力和阻力数据并获得其最佳翼下位置指示的工具现在可以在数值和实验模拟中进行相当准确的估计。然而，发动机运行和机翼流场的更高水平的相互作用和增加的相互敏感性，