Abstract Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) were fabricated with propolis hydro-alcoholic extract and six different methods, namely, hydrothermal, microwave irradiation, ultrasonication, UV radiation, self-assembling, and conventional heating. Results indicated that antioxidant activity, turbidity, pH, and brix values of the provided hydroalcoholic propolis extract were 85.8%, 2.235% a.u., 4.1, and 3.2°Bx, respectively. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that approximately 38 bioactive compounds were detected in the provided extract within 40 min of retention time, including chalcone. Results also revealed that each method had advantage in fabrication of Se NPs compared to others, but spherical Se NPs with overall appropriate physicochemical attributes of particle size (50–60 nm), polydispersity index (0.362), zeta potential (−41.8 mV), maximum broad absorption peak (321 nm), and antioxidant activity (12.4%) were synthesized using the ultrasonication method with a frequency of 20 kHz and a power of 300 W for 10 min.

中文翻译：

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使用蜂胶提取物绿色合成硒纳米颗粒的六种不同方法的有效性：筛选和表征

摘要 硒纳米颗粒 (Se NPs) 是用蜂胶水醇提取物和六种不同的方法制备的，即水热、微波辐射、超声波、紫外线辐射、自组装和常规加热。结果表明，所提供的水醇蜂胶提取物的抗氧化活性、浊度、pH 值和白利糖度值分别为 85.8%、2.235% au、4.1 和 3.2°Bx。气相色谱分析显示，在保留时间的 40 分钟内，在提供的提取物中检测到大约 38 种生物活性化合物，包括查耳酮。结果还表明，与其他方法相比，每种方法在制备 Se NPs 方面都有优势，但球形 Se NPs 具有总体合适的粒径（50-60 nm）、多分散指数（0.362）、zeta 电位（-41.8 mV）、