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GNSS-R-Based Snow Water Equivalent Estimation with Empirical Modeling and Enhanced SNR-Based Snow Depth Estimation
Remote Sensing ( IF 5 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-28 , DOI: 10.3390/rs12233905
Kegen Yu , Yunwei Li , Taoyong Jin , Xin Chang , Qi Wang , Jiancheng Li

Snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) are two parameters for measuring snowfall. By exploiting the Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique and thousands of existing GNSS Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS) deployed in the cryosphere, it is possible to improve the temporal and spatial resolutions of the SWE measurement. In this paper, a fusion model for combining multi-satellite SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) snow depth estimations is proposed, which uses peak spectral powers associated with each of the snow depth estimations. To simplify the estimation of SWE, the complete snowfall period over a winter season is split into snow accumulation, transition, and melting period in accordance with the variation characteristics of snow depth and SWE. By extensively using in situ snow depth and SWE observations recorded by snow telemetry network (SNOTEL) and regression analysis, three empirical models are developed to describe the relationship between snow depth and SWE for the three periods, respectively. Based on the snow depth fusion model and the SWE empirical models, an SWE estimation algorithm is proposed. Three data sets recorded in different environments are used to test the proposed method. The results demonstrate that there exists good agreement between the in situ SWE measurements and the SWE estimates produced by the proposed method; the root-mean-square error of SWE estimations is smaller than 6 cm when the SWE is up to 80 cm.

中文翻译:

基于经验建模和基于SNR的增强SNR的基于GNSS-R的雪水当量估计

雪深和雪水当量(SWE)是测量降雪的两个参数。通过利用全球导航卫星系统反射法(GNSS-R)技术和冰冻圈中部署的数千个现有GNSS连续运行参考站(CORS),可以提高SWE测量的时间和空间分辨率。本文提出了一种融合多卫星SNR(信噪比)雪深估计的融合模型,该模型使用与每个雪深估计相关的峰值频谱功率。为了简化SWE的估算,根据雪深和SWE的变化特征,将整个冬季的整个降雪期分为积雪,过渡和融化期。通过广泛利用雪遥测网络(SNOTEL)记录的原地雪深和SWE观测值并进行回归分析,建立了三个经验模型来分别描述这三个时期的雪深与SWE之间的关系。基于雪深融合模型和SWE经验模型,提出了一种SWE估计算法。使用在不同环境中记录的三个数据集来测试该方法。结果表明,现场SWE测量值与所提方法产生的SWE估计值之间存在良好的一致性。当SWE达到80 cm时,SWE估计的均方根误差小于6 cm。建立了三个经验模型来分别描述这三个时期的积雪深度和SWE之间的关系。基于雪深融合模型和SWE经验模型,提出了一种SWE估计算法。使用在不同环境中记录的三个数据集来测试该方法。结果表明,现场SWE测量值与所提出方法产生的SWE估计值之间存在良好的一致性。当SWE达到80 cm时,SWE估计的均方根误差小于6 cm。建立了三个经验模型来分别描述这三个时期的积雪深度和SWE之间的关系。基于雪深融合模型和SWE经验模型,提出了一种SWE估计算法。使用在不同环境中记录的三个数据集来测试该方法。结果表明,现场SWE测量值与所提方法产生的SWE估计值之间存在良好的一致性。当SWE达到80 cm时,SWE估计的均方根误差小于6 cm。结果表明,现场SWE测量值与所提方法产生的SWE估计值之间存在良好的一致性。当SWE达到80 cm时,SWE估计的均方根误差小于6 cm。结果表明,现场SWE测量值与所提方法产生的SWE估计值之间存在良好的一致性。当SWE达到80 cm时,SWE估计的均方根误差小于6 cm。
更新日期:2020-12-01
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