Oral mucosa and salivary gland are composed of complex and dynamic networks of extracellular matrix, multiple cell types, vasculature, and various biochemical agents. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture is commonly used in testing new drugs and experimental therapies. However, 2D cell culture cannot fully replicate the architecture, physiological, and pathological microenvironment of living human oral mucosa and salivary glands. Recent microengineering techniques offer state of the science cell culture models that can recapitulate human organ structures and functions. This narrative review describes emerging in vitro models of oral and salivary gland tissue such as 3D cell culture models, spheroid and organoid models, tissue-on-a-chip, and functional decellularized scaffolds. Clinical applications of these models are also discussed in this review.

中文翻译：

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口腔粘膜和唾液腺的组织工程：疾病建模和临床应用

口腔粘膜和唾液腺由细胞外基质，多种细胞类型，脉管系统和各种生化因子的复杂而动态的网络组成。二维（2D）细胞培养通常用于测试新药和实验疗法。但是，二维细胞培养不能完全复制人类口腔粘膜和唾液腺的结构，生理和病理学微环境。最新的微工程技术提供了可以再现人体器官结构和功能的科学的细胞培养模型。该叙述性综述描述了口腔和唾液腺组织的新兴体外模型，例如3D细胞培养模型，球体和类器官模型，单芯片组织和功能性脱细胞支架。这些模型的临床应用也在本综述中进行了讨论。