The paper deals with the damage of the remaining stand and soil caused by harvesting using three ground-based forest operations methods (harvester-forwarder/cable skidder/animal-tractor). It compares the impact of the most common harvesting technologies applied in Slovakia and in Central Europe and thus contributes with valuable information to the knowledge on the suitability of their application in forests stands dominated by broadleaved tree species. Harvesting was performed in five forest stands located at the University Forest Enterprise of Technical University in Zvolen in central Slovakia from August to October 2019. Damage to remaining trees was assessed from the point of its size, type, and position of damage along stem. We expected lower damage of remaining trees in stands where harvesters were used because of the applied cut-to-length short wood system and fully mechanized harvesting system. In addition, we examined soil bulk density and soil moisture content in ruts, space between ruts, and in undisturbed stand to reveal the impact of harvesting machinery on soil. We expected greater soil bulk densities and lower soil moisture content in these stands due to the greatest weight of harvesters and in ruts created by machinery compared with undisturbed stand soil. The highest percentage of damaged remaining trees equal to 20.47% and 23.36% was recorded for harvester forest operations, followed by skidder (19.44%) and animal forest operations with 19.86% and 14.47%. Factorial ANOVA confirmed significant higher soil compaction in stands where harvesters were used (higer bulk density) than in stands where skidding was performed with the skidder and animal power. Higher soil moisture content was recorded in ruts created by harvesters and the skidder. The lowest soil moisture content was in undisturbed stands irrespective of the applied forest operation method.

中文翻译：

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机械对土壤和剩余林分造成的损害—来自斯洛伐克的案例研究

本文使用三种基于地面的森林作业方法（收割机-前进/缆索集材机/动物牵引车）来处理因收获而造成的剩余林分和土壤损害。它比较了在斯洛伐克和中欧使用的最常见采伐技术的影响，从而为了解其在以阔叶树种为主的林分中的适用性提供了宝贵的信息。从2019年8月至2019年10月，在斯洛伐克中部茨沃伦市技术大学的大学森林企业的五个林分中进行采伐。从剩余树的大小，类型和沿茎的损害位置评估了剩余的树。由于采用了定长的短木系统和完全机械化的采伐系统，我们预计使用采伐机的林分中剩余树木的损坏程度会降低。此外，我们检查了车辙，车辙之间的空间以及未受干扰的林分中的土壤容重和土壤水分，以揭示收获机械对土壤的影响。与未受干扰的林分土壤相比，由于收割机的最大重量和机械制造的车辙，我们预计这些林分的土壤容重更高，土壤水分含量更低。砍伐的剩余森林中，砍伐树木的最高百分比分别为20.47％和23.66％，其次是集材者（19.44％）和动物森林的19.86％和14.47％。阶乘方差分析确认使用收割机的林地（更高的堆密度）的土壤压实度明显高于使用集材机和动物力量进行打滑的林地。在收割机和集材机产生的车辙中记录到较高的土壤水分含量。无论采用何种森林作业方法，最低的土壤水分含量都在未受干扰的林分中。