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On-sky silicon photomultiplier detector performance measurements for millisecond to sub-microsecond optical source variability studies
Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 , DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.6.4.046002
Albert W. K. Lau 1 , Mehdi Shafiee 2 , George F. Smoot 2 , Bruce Grossan 2 , Siyang Li 3 , Zhanat Maksut 2
Affiliation  

In our Ultra-Fast Astronomy (UFA) program, we aim to improve measurements of variability of astronomical targets on millisecond and shorter time scales. In this work, we present initial on-sky measurements of the performance of silicon photomultiplier detectors (SiPMs) for UFA. We mounted two different SiPMs at the focal plane of the 0.7-m aperture Nazarbayev University Transient Telescope at the Assy-Turgen Astrophysical Observatory, with no filter in front of the detector. The 3 mm × 3 mm SiPM single-channel detectors have a field of view of 2.2716 ′ × 2.2716 ′ . During the nights of October 28–29, 2019, we measured sky background, bright stars, and an artificial source with a 100-Hz flashing frequency. We compared detected SiPM counts with Gaia satellite G-band flux values to show that our SiPMs have a linear response. With our two SiPMs (models S14520-3050VS and S14160-3050HS), we measured a dark current of ∼130 and ∼85 kilo counts per second (kcps), and a sky background of ∼201 and ∼203 kcps, respectively. We measured an intrinsic crosstalk of 10.34% and 10.52% and derived a 5σ sensitivity of 13.9 and 14 Gaia G-band magnitude for 200-ms exposures, for the two detectors, respectively. For a 10-μs window, and allowing a false alarm rate of once per 100 nights, we derived a sensitivity of 22 detected photons, or six Gaia G-band magnitudes. For nanosecond timescales, our detection is limited by crosstalk to 12 detected photons, which corresponds to a fluence of ∼155 photons per square meter.

中文翻译:

空中硅光电倍增管探测器性能测量,用于毫秒至亚微秒级的光源变异性研究

在我们的超快速天​​文(UFA)程序中,我们旨在改进毫秒级和较短时间尺度上的天文目标变异性的度量。在这项工作中,我们介绍了UFA硅光电倍增管探测器(SiPM)性能的初始空中测量。我们在Assy-Turgen天体物理观测站的0.7-m孔径的Nazarbayev大学瞬态望远镜的焦平面上安装了两个不同的SiPM,探测器前没有滤镜。3 mm×3 mm SiPM单通道检测器的视场为2.2716′×2.2716′。在2019年10月28日至29日的夜晚,我们测量了天空背景,明亮的星星和频率为100 Hz的人工光源。我们将检测到的SiPM计数与Gaia卫星G波段通量值进行了比较,以表明我们的SiPM具有线性响应。使用我们的两个SiPM(型号S14520-3050VS和S14160-3050HS),我们测得的暗电流为每秒〜130和〜85千计数(kcps),天空背景分别为〜201和〜203 kcps。我们对两个探测器分别测量了10.34%和10.52%的固有串扰,并得出200毫秒曝光的5σ灵敏度分别为13.9和14 Gaia G带幅度。对于10μs的窗口,并允许每100晚一次误报率,我们得出了22个检测到的光子或6个Gaia G波段幅度的灵敏度。对于纳秒级的时标,我们的检测受到串扰限制,只能检测到12个检测到的光子,相当于每平方米155个光子。我们对两个探测器分别测量了10.34%和10.52%的固有串扰,并得出200毫秒曝光的5σ灵敏度分别为13.9和14 Gaia G带幅度。对于10μs的窗口,并允许每100晚一次误报率,我们得出了22个检测到的光子或6个Gaia G波段幅度的灵敏度。对于纳秒级的时标,我们的检测受到串扰限制,只能检测到12个检测到的光子,相当于每平方米155个光子。我们对两个探测器分别测量了10.34%和10.52%的固有串扰,并得出200毫秒曝光的5σ灵敏度分别为13.9和14 Gaia G带幅度。对于10μs的窗口,并允许每100晚一次误报率,我们得出了22个检测到的光子或6个Gaia G波段幅度的灵敏度。对于纳秒级的时标,我们的检测受到串扰限制,只能检测到12个检测到的光子,相当于每平方米155个光子。
更新日期:2020-12-01
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