Outflows from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are one of the fundamental mechanisms by which the central supermassive black hole interacts with its host galaxy. Detected in ≥50% of nearby AGNs, these outflows have been found to carry kinetic energy that is a large fraction of the AGN power, and thereby give ‘negative’ feedback to their host galaxies. To understand the physical processes that regulate them, it is important to have a robust estimate of their physical and dynamical parameters. In this Review Article, we summarize our current understanding of the physics of the ionized outflows detected via absorption in the ultraviolet and X-ray wavelength bands. We discuss the most relevant observations and our current knowledge and uncertainties in the measurements of the outflow parameters, as well as their origin and acceleration mechanisms. The commissioning and concept studies of large telescope missions with high-resolution spectrographs in ultraviolet/optical and X-rays along with rapid advancements in simulations offer great promise for discoveries in this field over the next decade.

活动银河系原子核（AGN）的流出是中央超大规模黑洞与其宿主星系相互作用的基本机制之一。在≥50％的附近AGN中检测到这些流出物，发现其携带的动能是AGN功率的很大一部分，从而向其宿主星系提供“负”反馈。要了解调节它们的物理过程，对它们的物理和动力学参数进行可靠的估计很重要。在这篇综述文章中，我们总结了我们目前对通过紫外线和X射线波段吸收检测出的电离流出物的物理现象的理解。我们讨论了最相关的观察结果，以及我们当前在流出参数测量及其起源和加速机制方面的知识和不确定性。