This study compared the topography of different titanium surface structures (TiO₂ nanotube and grain) with similar elemental compositions (TiO2 and fluorine [F]) on the Ti surface. High magnification indicated that the surfaces of the control and etching groups were similar to each other in a flat, smooth form. The group anodized for 1 h was observed with TiO₂ nanotubes organized very neatly and regularly. In the group anodized for 30 min after etching, uneven wave and nanopore structures were observed. In addition, MTT assay showed that the F of the surface did not adversely affect cell viability, and the initial cell adhesion was increased in the 2.8% F-incorporated TiO₂ nanograin. At the edge of adherent cells, filopodia were observed in spreading form on the surfaces of the anodizing and two-step processing groups, and they were observed in a branch shape in the control and etching groups. Moreover, cell adhesion molecule and osteogenesis marker expression was increased at the F-incorporated TiO₂ nanostructure. In addition, it was found that the expression of p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) increased in the TiO₂ nanograin with the nanopore surface compared to the micro rough and nanotube surfaces relative to the osteogenic-related gene expression patterns. As a result, this study confirmed that the topographic structure of the surface is more affected by osteogenic differentiation than the pore size and that differentiation by specific surface composition components is by CREB. Thus, the synergy effect of osteogenic differentiation was confirmed by the simultaneous activation of CREB/ERK.

中文翻译：

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掺氟 TiO2 纳米形貌通过 ERK/CREB ​​途径增强粘附和分化

本研究比较了不同钛表面结构（TiO ₂纳米管和晶粒）与钛表面上相似元素组成（TiO2 和氟 [F]）的形貌。高倍放大表明对照组和蚀刻组的表面彼此相似，呈平坦、光滑的形式。观察到阳极氧化1小时的组，TiO ₂纳米管组织得非常整齐和规则。在蚀刻后阳极氧化30分钟的组中，观察到不均匀的波和纳米孔结构。此外，MTT 测定表明，表面的 F 对细胞活力没有不利影响，并且在掺入 2.8% F 的 TiO _{2中初始细胞粘附增加}纳米颗粒。在贴壁细胞的边缘，在阳极氧化组和两步处理组表面观察到丝状伪足呈铺展状，而在对照组和蚀刻组表面观察到呈分支状。_{此外，在掺有 F 的 TiO 2}纳米结构中，细胞粘附分子和成骨标志物的表达增加。此外，发现在TiO _{2中p-细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）和p-cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）的表达增加。}具有纳米孔表面的纳米颗粒与相对于成骨相关基因表达模式的微粗糙和纳米管表面相比。结果，该研究证实，表面的形貌结构比孔径更受成骨分化的影响，并且特定表面组成成分的分化受 CREB ​​影响。因此，成骨分化的协同作用通过同时激活 CREB/ERK 得到证实。