More representative data on source‐specific particle number emission rates and associated exposure in European households are needed. In this study, indoor and outdoor particle number size distributions (10–800 nm) were measured in 40 German households under real‐use conditions in over 500 days. Particle number emission rates were derived for around 800 reported indoor source events. The highest emission rate was caused by burning candles (5.3 × 10¹³ h⁻¹). Data were analyzed by the single‐parameter approach (SPA) and the indoor aerosol dynamics model approach (IAM). Due to the consideration of particle deposition, coagulation, and time‐dependent ventilation rates, the emission rates of the IAM approach were about twice as high as those of the SPA. Correction factors are proposed to convert the emission rates obtained from the SPA approach into more realistic values. Overall, indoor sources contributed ~ 56% of the daily‐integrated particle number exposure in households under study. Burning candles and opening the window leads to seasonal differences in the contributions of indoor sources to residential exposure (70% and 40% in the cold and warm season, respectively). Application of the IAM approach allowed to attribute the contributions of outdoor particles to the penetration through building shell and entry through open windows (26% and 15%, respectively).

中文翻译：

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德国 40 户气溶胶源的颗粒数排放率及其对超细颗粒和细颗粒暴露的贡献

需要更多关于欧洲家庭特定源粒子数排放率和相关暴露的代表性数据。在这项研究中，在超过 500 天的实际使用条件下，对 40 个德国家庭的室内和室外粒子数大小分布（10-800 nm）进行了测量。粒子数排放率是从大约 800 次报告的室内源事件中推导出来的。最高的排放率是由燃烧蜡烛引起的（5.3 × 10 ¹³  h ^-1）。通过单参数方法（SPA）和室内气溶胶动力学模型方法（IAM）分析数据。由于考虑了颗粒沉积、凝结和随时间变化的通风率，IAM 方法的排放率大约是 SPA 的两倍。提出了修正因子，以将从 SPA 方法获得的排放率转换为更现实的值。总体而言，室内源贡献了所研究家庭每日综合粒子数暴露的约 56%。燃烧蜡烛和打开窗户会导致室内源对住宅暴露的贡献存在季节性差异（冷季和暖季分别为 70% 和 40%）。