Since the discovery in 1796 by Edward Jenner of vaccinia virus as a way to prevent and finally eradicate smallpox, the concept of using a virus to fight another virus has evolved into the current approaches of viral vectored genetic vaccines. In recent years, key improvements to the vaccinia virus leading to a safer version (Modified Vaccinia Ankara, MVA) and the discovery that some viruses can be used as carriers of heterologous genes encoding for pathological antigens of other infectious agents (the concept of ‘viral vectors’) has spurred a new wave of clinical research potentially providing for a solution for the long sought after vaccines against major diseases such as HIV, TB, RSV and Malaria, or emerging infectious diseases including those caused by filoviruses and coronaviruses. The unique ability of some of these viral vectors to stimulate the cellular arm of the immune response and, most importantly, T lymphocytes with cell killing activity, has also reawakened the interest toward developing therapeutic vaccines against chronic infectious diseases and cancer. To this end, existing vectors such as those based on Adenoviruses have been improved in immunogenicity and efficacy. Along the same line, new vectors that exploit viruses such as Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Measles Virus (MV), Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), have emerged. Furthermore, technological progress toward modifying their genome to render some of these vectors incompetent for replication has increased confidence toward their use in infant and elderly populations. Lastly, their production process being the same for every product has made viral vectored vaccines the technology of choice for rapid development of vaccines against emerging diseases and for ‘personalised’ cancer vaccines where there is an absolute need to reduce time to the patient from months to weeks or days.

Here we review the recent developments in viral vector technologies, focusing on novel vectors based on primate derived Adenoviruses and Poxviruses, Rhabdoviruses, Paramixoviruses, Arenaviruses and Herpesviruses. We describe the rationale for, immunologic mechanisms involved in, and design of viral vectored gene vaccines under development and discuss the potential utility of these novel genetic vaccine approaches in eliciting protection against infectious diseases and cancer.

自 1796 年 Edward Jenner 发现牛痘病毒作为预防并最终根除天花的一种方法以来，使用一种病毒对抗另一种病毒的概念已经演变成目前病毒载体基因疫苗的方法。近年来，牛痘病毒的关键改进导致了更安全的版本（Modified Vaccinia Ankara，MVA）以及发现一些病毒可以用作编码其他传染性病原体的病理抗原的异源基因的载体（“病毒”的概念）。载体”）激发了新一波的临床研究，这可能为长期寻求的针对主要疾病（如 HIV、TB、RSV 和疟疾）或新兴传染病（包括由丝状病毒和冠状病毒引起的传染病）的疫苗提供解决方案。其中一些病毒载体刺激免疫反应的细胞臂的独特能力，最重要的是，具有细胞杀伤活性的 T 淋巴细胞，也重新唤起了人们对开发针对慢性传染病和癌症的治疗性疫苗的兴趣。为此，现有载体（例如基于腺病毒的载体）在免疫原性和功效方面得到了改进。同样，利用水泡性口炎病毒 (VSV)、麻疹病毒 (MV)、淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒 (LCMV)、巨细胞病毒 (CMV) 和单纯疱疹病毒 (HSV) 等病毒的新载体已经出现。此外，修改其基因组以使其中一些载体无法复制的技术进步增加了对其在婴儿和老年人群中使用的信心。最后，

在这里，我们回顾了病毒载体技术的最新发展，重点是基于灵长类动物衍生的腺病毒和痘病毒、弹状病毒、副混合病毒、沙粒病毒和疱疹病毒的新型载体。我们描述了正在开发的病毒载体基因疫苗的基本原理、免疫机制和设计，并讨论了这些新型基因疫苗方法在引发针对传染病和癌症的保护方面的潜在效用。