Past vegetation, fire, and climate dynamics, as well as human impact, have been reconstructed for the first time in the highlands of the Gilan province in the Alborz mountains (above the Hyrcanian forest) for the last 4,300 cal yrs bp. Multi-proxy analysis, including pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, charcoal, and geochemical analysis, has been applied to investigate the environmental changes at 2,280 m a.s.l., above the Hyrcanian forest. Dominant steppe vegetation occurred in the study area throughout the recorded period. The formation of the studied mire deposits, as well as vegetation composition, suggest a change to wetter climatic conditions after 4,300 until 1,700 cal yrs bp. Fires were frequent, which may imply long-lasting anthropogenic activities in the area. Less vegetation cover with a marked decrease of the Moisture Index (MI) suggests drier conditions between 1,700 and 1,000 cal yrs bp. A high proportion of Cichorioideae and Amaranthaceae, as well as the reduction of trees, in particular Fagus and Quercus, at lower elevations, indicate human activities such as intense livestock grazing and deforestation. Soil erosion as the result of less vegetation due to dry conditions and/or human activities can be reconstructed from a marked increase of Glomus spores and high values of K and Ti. Since 1,000 cal yrs bp, the increasing MI, as well as the rise of Poaceae and Cyperaceae together with forest recovery, suggest a change to wetter conditions. The occurrence of still frequent Cichorioideae and Plantago lanceolata along with Sordaria reflect continued intense grazing of livestock by humans.

在过去的4,300 yrs bp内，在吉尔省的高地Alborz山区（Hyrcanian森林之上）首次重建了过去的植被，火灾，气候变化以及人类影响。包括花粉，孢子，非花粉类植物，木炭和地球化学分析在内的多代理分析已用于调查Hyrcanian森林上方2280 m asl的环境变化。在整个记录期间内，主要的草原植被发生在研究区。研究的泥潭沉积物的形成以及植被组成表明，在4,300至1,700 cal yrs bp后，湿润的气候条件发生了变化。火灾频繁发生，这可能意味着该地区长期的人为活动。较少的植被覆盖和水分指数（MI）的明显降低表明干旱条件介于1,700到1,000 cal.yrs bp之间。较高的天牛科和A菜科的比例较高，以及在较低海拔的树木砍伐，特别是伐古斯和栎的砍伐，表明人类活动，例如大量放牧和森林砍伐。干旱条件和/或人类活动造成的植被减少导致的土壤侵蚀可以通过Glomus孢子的显着增加以及高K和Ti值来重建。自1,000 cal yrs bp，MI的增加以及禾本科和莎草科的崛起以及森林的恢复表明湿润条件发生了变化。仍然频繁存在的cho草科和车前草以及草皮草都反映出人类持续大量放牧牲畜。