A satellite remote imaging data is used to describe the actual ground surface around east of Shandong, based on Barrick’s formulations and Wait’s formulations, and considering the time errors due to elongation of the propagation path caused by mountains, this paper comprehensively analyzes the lightning vertical electric field over the actual ground surface. Furthermore, its effects on time-of-arrival (ToA)-based lighting location systems (LLS) are discussed in details and results show that wave-shape and time-delay of the electromagnetic fields can be significantly affected when they propagate over actual ground surface. The time-delay of the field waveform becomes longer with the increasing roughness, but subtle effect on field peak. After analyzing the actual ground surface around district of Qingdao, this paper reveals the relation between azimuth, observation distance and time-delay. The location error caused by actual ground surface is about several kilometers around the district of Qingdao, and the revised stroke points which are evaluated by the improved actual ground surface propagation model are closer to the actual lightning strike points.

中文翻译：

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雷电垂直电场沿实际地面的传播效应以及基于ToA的雷电定位系统的误差修正

基于巴里克公式和怀特公式，利用卫星遥感影像数据来描述山东以东地区的实际地面，并考虑了山地传播路径的延长所引起的时间误差，对雷电垂直电场进行了综合分析。实际地面上的磁场。此外，详细讨论了其对基于到达时间（ToA）的照明定位系统（LLS）的影响，结果表明，当电磁场在实际地面上传播时，电磁场的波形和时间延迟会受到显着影响表面。磁场波形的时间延迟随着粗糙度的增加而变长，但对磁场峰值的影响却很小。在分析了青岛周边地区的实际地面后，本文揭示了方位角，观测距离和时延之间的关系。实际地面造成的位置误差在青岛市区附近约数公里处，并且通过改进的实际地面传播模型评估的修订后的笔划点更接近实际雷击点。