Both neonatal hypothermia and hyperthermia represent important risk factors for neonatal mortality, but information on mortality risk across a full range of neonatal temperatures is lacking in low-resource settings. We evaluated the association between neonatal mortality and a full range of admission temperatures in a low-resource setting. This retrospective observational study was conducted at Beira Central Hospital, Mozambique. The relationship between admission temperature and mortality was evaluated using multivariable analyses with temperature modeled as non-linear term. Among 2098 neonates admitted to the Special Care Unit between January–December 2017, admission temperature was available in 1344 neonates (64%) who were included in the analysis. A non-linear association between mortality rate and temperature was identified. Mortality rate decreased from 84% at 32 °C to 64% at 34.6 °C (− 8% per °C), to 41% at 36 °C (− 16% per °C), to 26% to 36.6 °C (− 25% per °C) and to 22% at 38.3 °C (− 2% per °C), then increased to 40% at 41 °C (+ 7% per °C). Mortality rate was estimated to be at minimum at admission temperature of 37.5 °C. In conclusions, the non-linear relationship highlighted different mortality risks across a full range of neonatal temperatures in a low-resource setting. Admission temperature was not recorded in one third of neonates.

新生儿体温过低和体温过高均代表了新生儿死亡的重要危险因素，但在资源匮乏的地区缺乏有关整个新生儿温度范围内死亡风险的信息。在资源贫乏地区，我们评估了新生儿死亡率与入院温度范围的关联。这项回顾性观察研究是在莫桑比克贝拉中央医院进行的。使用多变量分析评估入院温度与死亡率之间的关系，并将温度建模为非线性项。在2017年1月至12月之间入院的2098例新生儿中，纳入分析的1344例新生儿（64％）可获得入院温度。确定了死亡率和温度之间的非线性关联。死亡率从32°C时的84％降低到34.6°C（− 8％/°C）下的64％，降至36°C（− 16％每°C）的41％，降至26％至36.6°C（ − 25％/°C）和38.3°C的22％（− 2％/°C），然后在41°C时增加到40％（+ 7％/°C）。在37.5°C的入院温度下，死亡率估计最低。总之，非线性关系强调了在资源匮乏的情况下，在整个新生儿温度范围内的不同死亡风险。三分之一的新生儿未记录入院温度。非线性关系强调了在资源匮乏的情况下，在整个新生儿温度范围内的不同死亡风险。三分之一的新生儿未记录入院温度。非线性关系强调了在资源匮乏的情况下，在整个新生儿温度范围内的不同死亡风险。三分之一的新生儿未记录入院温度。