Glioma is the most malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system and is characterized by an extremely low overall survival. Recent breakthroughs in cancer therapy using immune checkpoint blockade have attracted significant attention. However, despite representing the most promising (immunotherapy) treatment for cancer, the clinical application of immune checkpoint blockade in glioma patients remains challenging due to the “cold phenotype” of glioma and multiple factors inducing resistance, both intrinsic and acquired. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of the tumor microenvironment and the unique immunological status of the brain will be critical for the application of glioma immunotherapy. More sensitive biomarkers to monitor the immune response, as well as combining multiple immunotherapy strategies, may accelerate clinical progress and enable development of effective and safe treatments for glioma patients.

脑胶质瘤是中枢神经系统最恶性的原发性肿瘤，其特征是总生存率极低。使用免疫检查点封锁进行癌症治疗的最新突破引起了广泛关注。然而，尽管代表了最有前途的（免疫疗法）癌症治疗方法，但是由于神经胶质瘤的“冷表型”和多种诱导耐药性的因素，神经胶质瘤患者的免疫检查点封锁的临床应用仍然具有挑战性。因此，全面了解肿瘤的微环境和大脑的独特免疫状态对于神经胶质瘤免疫疗法的应用至关重要。更敏感的生物标记物可监测免疫反应，并结合多种免疫疗法策略，