Research has consistently demonstrated that faces manipulated to appear more masculine are perceived as more dominant. These studies, however, have used forced-choice paradigms, in which a pair of masculinized and feminized faces was presented side by side. These studies are susceptible to demand characteristics, because participants may be able to draw the conclusion that faces which appear more masculine should be rated as more dominant. To prevent this, we tested if dominance could be perceived when masculinized or feminized faces were presented individually for only 100 ms. We predicted higher dominance ratings to masculinized faces and better memory of them in a surprise recognition memory test. In the experiment, 96 men rated the physical dominance of 40 facial photographs (masculinized = 20, feminized = 20), which were randomly drawn from a larger set of faces. This was followed by a surprise recognition memory test. Half of the participants were assigned to a condition in which the contours of the facial photographs were set to an oval to control for sexual dimorphism in face shape. Overall, men assigned higher dominance ratings to masculinized faces, suggesting that they can appraise differences in facial sexual dimorphism following very brief exposure. This effect occurred regardless of whether the outline of the face was set to an oval, suggesting that masculinized internal facial features were sufficient to affect dominance ratings. However, participants' recognition memory did not differ for masculinized and feminized faces, which could be due to a floor effect.

中文翻译：

---

观察者在 100 毫秒暴露后使用面部阳刚之气进行身体优势评估

研究一致表明，被操纵以显得更男性化的面孔被认为更具统治力。然而，这些研究使用了强迫选择范式，其中一对男性化和女性化的面孔并排呈现。这些研究容易受到需求特征的影响，因为参与者可能会得出这样的结论：看起来更男性化的面孔应该被评为更具主导性。为了防止这种情况发生，我们测试了当男性化或女性化的面孔单独呈现仅 100 毫秒时是否可以感知到支配地位。我们在意外识别记忆测试中预测男性化面孔的支配等级更高，并且对它们的记忆力更好。在实验中，96 名男性对 40 张面部照片（男性化 = 20，女性化 = 20）的身体优势进行了评分，它们是从一组较大的面孔中随机抽取的。随后进行了意外识别记忆测试。一半的参与者被分配到将面部照片的轮廓设置为椭圆形以控制面部形状的性别二态性的条件。总体而言，男性对男性化面孔的支配等级更高，这表明他们可以在非常短暂的接触后评估面部性别二态性的差异。无论面部轮廓是否设置为椭圆形，这种效果都会发生，这表明男性化的内部面部特征足以影响优势等级。然而，男性化和女性化面孔的参与者的识别记忆并没有不同，这可能是由于地板效应。一半的参与者被分配到将面部照片的轮廓设置为椭圆形以控制面部形状的性别二态性的条件。总体而言，男性对男性化面孔的支配等级更高，这表明他们可以在非常短暂的接触后评估面部性别二态性的差异。无论面部轮廓是否设置为椭圆形，这种效果都会发生，这表明男性化的内部面部特征足以影响优势等级。然而，男性化和女性化面孔的参与者的识别记忆并没有不同，这可能是由于地板效应。一半的参与者被分配到一种条件，其中面部照片的轮廓设置为椭圆形，以控制面部形状的性别二态性。总体而言，男性对男性化面孔的支配等级更高，这表明他们可以在非常短暂的接触后评估面部性别二态性的差异。无论面部轮廓是否设置为椭圆形，这种效果都会发生，这表明男性化的内部面部特征足以影响优势等级。然而，男性化和女性化面孔的参与者的识别记忆并没有不同，这可能是由于地板效应。男性对男性化的面孔分配了更高的支配等级，这表明他们可以在非常短暂的暴露后评估面部性别二态性的差异。无论面部轮廓是否设置为椭圆形，这种效果都会发生，这表明男性化的内部面部特征足以影响优势等级。然而，男性化和女性化面孔的参与者的识别记忆并没有不同，这可能是由于地板效应。男性对男性化的面孔分配了更高的支配等级，这表明他们可以在非常短暂的暴露后评估面部性别二态性的差异。无论面部轮廓是否设置为椭圆形，这种效果都会发生，这表明男性化的内部面部特征足以影响优势等级。然而，男性化和女性化面孔的参与者的识别记忆并没有不同，这可能是由于地板效应。