Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is an important immune modulator responsible for physiological cellular responses like lymphocyte development and function, positioning and emigration of T and B cells and cytokine secretion. Recent reports indicate that S1P does not only regulate immunity, but can also protect the function of organs by inducing disease tolerance. S1P also influences the replication of certain pathogens, and sphingolipids are also involved in pathogen recognition and killing. Certain carrier molecules for S1P like serum albumin and high density lipoproteins contribute to the regulation of S1P effects. They are able to associate with S1P and modulate its signaling properties. Similar to S1P, both carrier molecules are also decreased in sepsis patients and likely contribute to sepsis pathology and severity.

In this review, we will introduce the concept of disease tolerance and the involvement of S1P. We will also discuss the contribution of S1P and its precursor sphingosine to host defense mechanisms against pathogens. Finally, we will summarize current data demonstrating the influence of carrier molecules for differential S1P signaling. The presented data may lead to new strategies for the prevention and containment of sepsis.

1-磷酸鞘氨醇 (S1P) 是一种重要的免疫调节剂，负责生理细胞反应，如淋巴细胞的发育和功能、T 和 B 细胞的定位和迁移以及细胞因子的分泌。最近的报道表明，S1P不仅可以调节免疫，还可以通过诱导疾病耐受来保护器官的功能。S1P 还影响某些病原体的复制，鞘脂也参与病原体识别和杀灭。S1P 的某些载体分子如血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白有助于调节 S1P 效应。它们能够与 S1P 关联并调节其信号特性。与 S1P 类似，脓毒症患者的两种载体分子也减少，并可能导致脓毒症病理和严重程度。

在这篇综述中，我们将介绍疾病耐受性的概念和 S1P 的参与。我们还将讨论 S1P 及其前体鞘氨醇对宿主针对病原体的防御机制的贡献。最后，我们将总结当前数据，证明载体分子对差异 S1P 信号的影响。所提供的数据可能会导致预防和控制败血症的新策略。