Mitochondria are autonomous and dynamic cellular organelles orchestrating a diverse range of cellular activities. Numerous cell-signaling pathways target these organelles and Ca²⁺ is one of the most significant. Mitochondria are able to rapidly and transiently take up Ca²⁺, thanks to the mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter complex, as well as to extrude it through the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ and H⁺/Ca²⁺ exchangers. The transient accumulation of Ca²⁺ in the mitochondrial matrix impacts on mitochondrial functions and cell pathophysiology. Here we summarize the role of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ signaling in both physiological (yang) and pathological (yin) processes and the methods that can be used to investigate mitochondrial Ca²⁺ homeostasis. As an example of the pivotal role of mitochondria in pathology, we described the state of the art of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ alterations in different pathological conditions, with a special focus on Alzheimer’s disease.

线粒体是自主和动态的细胞器，协调各种细胞活动。许多细胞信号通路以这些细胞器为目标，Ca ²⁺是最重要的途径之一。由于线粒体 Ca ²⁺单向转运体复合物，线粒体能够快速和瞬时吸收 Ca ²⁺，并通过 Na ⁺ /Ca ²⁺和 H ⁺ /Ca ²⁺交换器将其挤出。Ca ²⁺在线粒体基质中的瞬时积累影响线粒体功能和细胞病理生理学。这里我们总结一下线粒体Ca ²⁺的作用生理（阳）和病理（阴）过程中的信号传导以及可用于研究线粒体 Ca ²⁺稳态的方法。作为线粒体在病理学中的关键作用的一个例子，我们描述了不同病理条件下线粒体 Ca ²⁺改变的最新技术，特别关注阿尔茨海默病。