Research problem: During humanitarian crises, communities of people face various types of dangers. To counter the dangers, they need information in a short period. Such need creates the opportunity for misinformation. Such misinformation can result in information harms that can generate short- or long-term consequences. Literature review: Prior researchers have tackled the situation by using technical or behavioral approaches. Research question: What are the harms from misinformation? We propose a taxonomy of 15 information harms grouped in 8 categories and assess the perception of risk regarding the harms through a survey of respondents who have experienced crisis response situations. Methodology: This paper examines two scenarios, the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and the 2017 Oroville Dam evacuation order crises, through two dimensions: Likelihood of occurrence and Level of impacts of the harms. Results and conclusions: Findings are presented through visualization and test results for significant differences of harms between scenarios. Similar groups of harms are identified with different severity levels based on post hoc analyses: those with 1. high likelihood and low impact (psychological and confusion harms), 2. low likelihood and low impact (reputation and privacy harms), and 3. low likelihood and high impact (physical, financial, safety, and social harms). In addition to establishing the taxonomy of misinformation harms, findings will have practical value in emergency response and recovery activities to effectively prioritize resources to minimize specific harms from misinformation in crises. Further research directions are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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错误信息的危害：两次人道主义危机的故事

研究问题：在人道主义危机期间，人们的社区面临着各种类型的危险。为了应对危险，他们需要在短时间内获得信息。这种需求创造了错误信息的机会。此类错误信息可能导致信息危害，从而产生短期或长期后果。文献综述：先前的研究人员已经通过使用技术或行为方法解决了这种情况。研究问题：错误信息有什么危害？我们提出了一个分类法，将 15 种信息危害分为 8 类，并通过对经历过危机应对情况的受访者的调查来评估对危害的风险认知。方法论：本文通过两个维度考察了 2013 年波士顿马拉松爆炸案和 2017 年奥罗维尔大坝疏散令危机两种情况：危害发生的可能性和影响程度。结果和结论：通过可视化和测试结果呈现不同情景之间危害的显着差异的结果。根据事后分析确定具有不同严重程度的类似伤害组：1. 高可能性和低影响（心理和困惑伤害），2. 低可能性和低影响（声誉和隐私损害），以及 3. 低可能性和高影响（身体、财务、安全和社会危害）。除了建立错误信息危害的分类法外，调查结果还将在应急响应和恢复活动中具有实用价值，可以有效地优先考虑资源，以最大程度地减少危机中错误信息造成的特定危害。还讨论了进一步的研究方向。