Alphaherpesviruses cause various diseases and establish life-long latent infections in humans and animals. These viruses encode multiple viral proteins and miRNAs to evade the host immune response, including both innate and adaptive immunity. Alphaherpesviruses evolved highly advanced immune evasion strategies to be able to replicate efficiently in vivo and produce latent infections with recurrent outbreaks. This review describes the immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses, especially against cytotoxic host immune responses. Considering these strategies, it is important to evaluate whether the immune evasion mechanisms in cell cultures are applicable to viral propagation and pathogenicity in vivo. This review focuses on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells), and natural killer T cells (NKT cells), which are representative immune cells that directly damage virus-infected cells. Since these immune cells recognize the ligands expressed on their target cells via specific activating and/or inhibitory receptors, alphaherpesviruses make several ligands that may be targets for immune evasion. In addition, alphaherpesviruses suppress the infiltration of CTLs by downregulating the expression of chemokines at infection sites in vivo. Elucidation of the alphaherpesvirus immune evasion mechanisms is essential for the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines.

中文翻译：

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Alphaherpesviruses逃避细胞介导的免疫反应。

甲疱疹病毒会引起多种疾病，并在人和动物中建立终身潜伏感染。这些病毒编码多种病毒蛋白和miRNA，以逃避宿主的免疫反应，包括先天免疫和适应性免疫。Alphaherpesviruses进化了高度先进的免疫逃避策略，从而能够在体内有效复制并产生潜在感染，并反复发作。这篇综述描述了α疱疹病毒的免疫逃避策略，尤其是针对细胞毒性宿主免疫反应的逃避策略。考虑到这些策略，评估细胞培养物中的免疫逃逸机制是否适用于体内病毒繁殖和致病性很重要。这篇综述着重于细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL），自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）和自然杀伤性T细胞（NKT细胞），这些代表免疫细胞直接破坏被病毒感染的细胞。由于这些免疫细胞通过特定的激活和/或抑制受体识别在其靶细胞上表达的配体，因此α疱疹病毒可形成几种配体，可能是逃避免疫的靶标。此外，α疱疹病毒通过下调体内感染部位趋化因子的表达来抑制CTL的渗透。阐明α疱疹病毒免疫逃逸机制对于开发新的抗病毒疗法和疫苗至关重要。α疱疹病毒通过下调体内感染部位趋化因子的表达来抑制CTL的浸润。阐明α疱疹病毒免疫逃逸机制对于开发新的抗病毒疗法和疫苗至关重要。α疱疹病毒通过下调体内感染部位趋化因子的表达来抑制CTL的浸润。阐明α疱疹病毒免疫逃逸机制对于开发新的抗病毒疗法和疫苗至关重要。