The potential of tumor three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models for the validation of existing or novel anti-cancer therapies has been largely recognized. During the last decade, diverse in vitro 3D cell systems have been proposed as a bridging link between two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and in vivo animal models, both considered gold standards in pre-clinical settings. The latest awareness about the power of tailored therapies and cell-based therapies in eradicating tumor cells raises the need for versatile 3D cell culture systems through which we might rapidly understand the specificity of promising anti-cancer approaches. Yet, a faithful reproduction of the complex tumor microenvironment is demanding as it implies a suitable organization of several cell types and extracellular matrix components. The proposed 3D tumor models discussed here are expected to offer the required structural complexity while also assuring cost-effectiveness during pre-selection of the most promising therapies. As neuroblastoma is an extremely heterogenous extracranial solid tumor, translation from 2D cultures into innovative 3D in vitro systems is particularly challenging. In recent years, the number of 3D in vitro models mimicking native neuroblastoma tumors has been rapidly increasing. However, in vitro platforms that efficiently sustain patient-derived tumor cell growth, thus allowing comprehensive drug discovery studies on tailored therapies, are still lacking. In this review, the latest neuroblastoma 3D in vitro models are presented and their applicability for a more accurate prediction of therapy outcomes is discussed.

三维肿瘤（3D）的潜力 体外现有或新颖的抗癌疗法的验证模型已得到广泛认可。在过去的十年中体外 3D细胞系统已被提议作为二维（2D）细胞培养与 体内动物模型，都被认为是临床前环境中的黄金标准。人们对定制疗法和基于细胞的疗法在消灭肿瘤细胞方面的能力的最新认识提高了对多功能3D细胞培养系统的需求，通过该系统我们可以迅速了解有前途的抗癌方法的特异性。然而，要求忠实地复制复杂的肿瘤微环境，因为这暗示着几种细胞类型和细胞外基质成分的适当组织。预计本文讨论的拟议3D肿瘤模型将提供所需的结构复杂性，同时还能在预选最有希望的疗法期间确保成本效益。由于神经母细胞瘤是一种极为异质的颅外实体瘤，因此可以从2D文化转化为创新的3D体外系统特别具有挑战性。近年来3D的数量体外模仿天然神经母细胞瘤肿瘤的模型正在迅速增加。然而，体外仍然缺乏有效维持患者来源的肿瘤细胞生长，从而允许对定制疗法进行全面药物发现研究的平台。在这篇评论中，最新的神经母细胞瘤3D体外 介绍了这些模型，并讨论了它们对更准确地预测治疗结果的适用性。