Agroecological landscapes have the potential to simultaneously meet food security and biodiversity conservation goals but are hindered by emerging biodiversity conflicts. Here, we opt to view the social–ecological factors that decrease biodiversity impacts or increase tolerance of biodiversity in agroecological landscapes as system parameters for their potential capacity to move a social–ecological system from states of conflict to alternative desired system states devoid of major losses for both food security and biodiversity, that is landscapes of coexistence. We discuss how reframing landscapes as social–ecological systems allows focusing on manageable components, or coexistence parameters, that explain biodiversity impacts and are hence capable of dampening conflicts. Approaches from the social, economic, or ecological sciences allow for the formulation of management strategies tailor-made for each system, with a higher chance of success than one-size-fits-all strategies. Conceptually recognizing coexistence parameters may enable easier assessment of a landscape's current state and identification of the required actions needed to transition towards a state of coexistence.

中文翻译：

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通过操纵社会-生态系统参数，穿越食物-生物多样性的关系走向共存

农业生态景观有可能同时实现粮食安全和生物多样性保护目标，但受到新出现的生物多样性冲突的阻碍。在这里，我们选择将减少生物多样性影响或增加农业生态景观中生物多样性耐受性的社会生态因素视为系统参数，用于将社会生态系统从冲突状态转移到没有重大损失的替代期望系统状态的潜在能力对于粮食安全和生物多样性而言，这是共存的景观。我们讨论如何将景观重新定义为社会生态系统，从而可以关注可管理的组成部分或共存参数，这解释了生物多样性的影响，因此能够抑制冲突。来自社会、经济或生态科学的方法允许为每个系统量身定制管理策略，比一刀切的策略有更高的成功机会。从概念上识别共存参数可以更容易地评估景观的当前状态，并确定过渡到共存状态所需的行动。