In order to overcome the limitations of static and destructive characterizations of Li-ion battery materials and components, comprehensive investigation peering into batteries over various length and time scales is essential. In this regard, emerging in situ and operando characterization methodologies focusing on multiple size domains become a powerful approach to resolve current challenges and navigate future directions. This perspective provides a series of illustrative examples of in situ and operando characterizations over atomic, crystallite/particle, electrode, and battery system length scales with a focus on two electrode material classes: insertion and conversion materials. The operating principles, features, analysis methods, and information gained from each characterization method are discussed. Herein, we present the necessity and opportunity for in situ and operando characterization of electrochemical energy storage materials and systems. Further, we suggest future directions to gain the insight needed to tackle currently intractable issues on Li-ion battery application, failure, and emerging design concepts.

为了克服锂离子电池材料和组件静态和破坏性表征的局限性，对各种长度和时间范围内的电池进行全面研究至关重要。在这方面，针对多种尺寸域的新兴的原位和操作表征方法成为解决当前挑战和导航未来方向的有力方法。该观点提供了一系列原位和操作的说明性示例原子，微晶/粒子，电极和电池系统长度刻度的表征，着重于两种电极材料类别：插入和转换材料。讨论了工作原理，功能，分析方法以及从每种表征方法获得的信息。在这里，我们提出了电化学储能材料和系统的原位和操作表征的必要性和机会。此外，我们建议未来的方向，以获取解决锂离子电池应用，故障和新兴设计概念方面当前棘手的问题所需的见识。