Hawara Portrait Mummy 4, a Roman-era Egyptian portrait mummy, was studied with computed tomography (CT) and with CT-guided synchrotron X-ray diffraction mapping. These are the first X-ray diffraction results obtained non-invasively from objects within a mummy. The CT data showed human remains of a 5-year-old child, consistent with the female (but not the age) depicted on the portrait. Physical trauma was not evident in the skeleton. Diffraction at two different mummy-to-detector separations allowed volumetric mapping of features including wires and inclusions within the wrappings and the skull and femora. The largest uncertainty in origin determination was approximately 1.5 mm along the X-ray beam direction, and diffraction- and CT-determined positions matched. Diffraction showed that the wires were a modern dual-phase steel and showed that the 7 × 5 × 3 mm inclusion ventral of the abdomen was calcite. Tracing the 00.2 and 00.4 carbonated apatite (bone's crystalline phase) reflections back to their origins produced cross-sectional maps of the skull and of femora; these maps agreed with transverse CT slices within approximately 1 mm. Coupling CT and position-resolved X-ray diffraction, therefore, offers considerable promise for non-invasive studies of mummies.

中文翻译：

---

完整的罗马时代埃及肖像木乃伊的组合计算机断层扫描和位置分辨 X 射线衍射

Hawara Portrait Mummy 4 是罗马时代的埃及肖像木乃伊，使用计算机断层扫描 (CT) 和 CT 引导的同步加速器 X 射线衍射图进行研究。这是第一次从木乃伊内的物体中非侵入性地获得 X 射线衍射结果。CT 数据显示了一个 5 岁儿童的人类遗骸，与肖像上描绘的女性（但不是年龄）一致。骨骼中的物理创伤并不明显。两种不同的木乃伊与探测器分离处的衍射允许特征的体积映射，包括包裹物内的电线和夹杂物以及头骨和股骨。沿 X 射线束方向确定原点的最大不确定性约为 1.5 毫米，并且衍射和 CT 确定的位置匹配。衍射表明，钢丝是现代双相钢，腹部腹侧 7 × 5 × 3 mm 夹杂物是方解石。将 00.2 和 00.4 碳酸磷灰石（骨骼的结晶相）反射回溯到它们的起源，生成了颅骨和股骨的横截面图；这些图与大约 1 毫米内的横向 CT 切片一致。因此，耦合 CT 和位置分辨 X 射线衍射为木乃伊的非侵入性研究提供了相当大的前景。