Organic–inorganic perovskite photovoltaics have now achieved power conversion efficiencies at par with silicon devices on a lab-scale. To enable industrial application of the technology, developing a perovskite deposition route compatible with scalable, large-area deposition methods, which exploits safer processing solvents and is robust to variations of the processing parameters, particularly humidity, is highly demanded. To satisfy such constraints altogether, here we introduce a lead iodide–hydroiodic acid–water precursor (PbI₂–HI–H₂O) that enables the scalable deposition of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) films from a safer solvent (acetonitrile – ACN) in a wide range of high moisture levels, spanning from 50 to 80% relative humidity. When exposed to a methylamine (MA) gas flow the PbI₂–HI–H₂O precursor readily converts to specular perovskite films. If heated, the PbI₂–HI–H₂O film can be easily reverted to PbI₂, further enabling the implementation of two step deposition methods. Our process was tested in an inverted solar cell configuration achieving stabilized power conversion efficiencies of 14% with minimal annealing requirements. Our findings demonstrate an appealing route for a large-area compatible manufacturing of hybrid perovskite photovoltaics in air, at high moisture levels, based on solvents of reduced hazard.

中文翻译：

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耐湿性可扩展的金属卤化物钙钛矿薄膜沉积，用于光伏应用

现在，有机-无机钙钛矿光伏技术已达到与实验室规模的硅器件相当的功率转换效率。为了使该技术能够工业应用，迫切需要开发与可扩展的大面积沉积方法兼容的钙钛矿沉积路线，该路线利用更安全的处理溶剂并且对处理参数（尤其是湿度）的变化具有鲁棒性。为了完全满足这些限制条件，我们在这里介绍了一种碘化铅-氢碘酸-水前体（PbI ₂ -HI-H ₂ O），它能够使甲基碘化三碘化铅（MAPbI ₃）规模化沉积。）膜由较安全的溶剂（乙腈-ACN）制成，其湿度范围广，相对湿度范围从50％到80％。当暴露于甲胺（MA）气流中时，PbI ₂ -HI-H ₂ O前体容易转化为镜面钙钛矿膜。如果加热，则PbI ₂ –HI–H ₂ O膜可以轻松还原为PbI ₂，进一步可以实现两步沉积方法。我们的工艺在倒置太阳能电池配置中进行了测试，以最小的退火要求实现了14％的稳定功率转换效率。我们的发现表明，在高水分含量，基于减少危害的溶剂的条件下，在空气中大面积兼容制造钙钛矿杂化光电复合材料的诱人途径。